Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia
Available evidence indicates that elevated blood ketones are associated with improved hypoxic tolerance in rodents. From this perspective, we hypothesized that exogenous ketosis by oral intake of the ketone ester ( )-3-hydroxybutyl ( )-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effec...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology integrative and comparative physiology, 2021-12, Vol.321 (6), p.R844-R857 |
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| container_title | American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology |
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| creator | Poffé, Chiel Robberechts, Ruben Podlogar, Tim Kusters, Martijn Debevec, Tadej Hespel, Peter |
| description | Available evidence indicates that elevated blood ketones are associated with improved hypoxic tolerance in rodents. From this perspective, we hypothesized that exogenous ketosis by oral intake of the ketone ester (
)-3-hydroxybutyl (
)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effects during prolonged exercise in acute hypoxia. As we recently demonstrated KE to deplete blood bicarbonate, which per se may alter the physiological response to hypoxia, we evaluated the effect of KE both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate intake (BIC). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed a simulated cycling race (RACE) consisting of 3-h intermittent cycling (IMT
) followed by a 15-min time-trial (TT
) and an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). During RACE, fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]) was gradually decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%. Before and during RACE, participants received either
) 75 g of ketone ester (KE),
) 300 mg/kg body mass bicarbonate (BIC),
) KE + BIC, or
) a control drink in addition to 60 g of carbohydrates/h in a randomized, crossover design. KE counteracted the hypoxia-induced drop in blood ([Formula: see text]) and muscle oxygenation by ∼3%. In contrast, BIC decreased [Formula: see text] by ∼2% without impacting muscle oxygenation. Performance during TT
and SPRINT were similar between all conditions. In conclusion, KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2021 |
| format | Article |
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)-3-hydroxybutyl (
)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effects during prolonged exercise in acute hypoxia. As we recently demonstrated KE to deplete blood bicarbonate, which per se may alter the physiological response to hypoxia, we evaluated the effect of KE both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate intake (BIC). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed a simulated cycling race (RACE) consisting of 3-h intermittent cycling (IMT
) followed by a 15-min time-trial (TT
) and an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). During RACE, fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]) was gradually decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%. Before and during RACE, participants received either
) 75 g of ketone ester (KE),
) 300 mg/kg body mass bicarbonate (BIC),
) KE + BIC, or
) a control drink in addition to 60 g of carbohydrates/h in a randomized, crossover design. KE counteracted the hypoxia-induced drop in blood ([Formula: see text]) and muscle oxygenation by ∼3%. In contrast, BIC decreased [Formula: see text] by ∼2% without impacting muscle oxygenation. Performance during TT
and SPRINT were similar between all conditions. In conclusion, KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0363-6119</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1522-1490</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2021</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34668436</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Physiological Society</publisher><subject>Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Bicarbonates ; Bicarbonates - administration & dosage ; Bicarbonates - metabolism ; Bicycling ; Blood ; Body mass ; Carbohydrates ; Cross-Over Studies ; Cycles ; Double-Blind Method ; Exercise Tolerance - drug effects ; Humans ; Hydroxybutyrates - administration & dosage ; Hydroxybutyrates - metabolism ; Hypoxia ; Ketone Bodies - blood ; Ketones ; Ketosis ; Ketosis - blood ; Lactic acid ; Male ; Muscle Contraction - drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism ; Muscles ; Oxygen Consumption - drug effects ; Oxygenation ; Physical Endurance - drug effects ; Physiological effects ; Physiology ; Time Factors ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2021-12, Vol.321 (6), p.R844-R857</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Physiological Society Dec 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1764415dd33af9e8caf186c2ee3c15835e7c26c0ad7756bc7d8531d863e19d653</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1764415dd33af9e8caf186c2ee3c15835e7c26c0ad7756bc7d8531d863e19d653</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8085-3075 ; 0000-0003-1283-2229 ; 0000-0001-7053-3978 ; 0000-0002-5715-994X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3025,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34668436$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Poffé, Chiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robberechts, Ruben</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Podlogar, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kusters, Martijn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Debevec, Tadej</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hespel, Peter</creatorcontrib><title>Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia</title><title>American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology</title><addtitle>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</addtitle><description>Available evidence indicates that elevated blood ketones are associated with improved hypoxic tolerance in rodents. From this perspective, we hypothesized that exogenous ketosis by oral intake of the ketone ester (
)-3-hydroxybutyl (
)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effects during prolonged exercise in acute hypoxia. As we recently demonstrated KE to deplete blood bicarbonate, which per se may alter the physiological response to hypoxia, we evaluated the effect of KE both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate intake (BIC). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed a simulated cycling race (RACE) consisting of 3-h intermittent cycling (IMT
) followed by a 15-min time-trial (TT
) and an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). During RACE, fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]) was gradually decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%. Before and during RACE, participants received either
) 75 g of ketone ester (KE),
) 300 mg/kg body mass bicarbonate (BIC),
) KE + BIC, or
) a control drink in addition to 60 g of carbohydrates/h in a randomized, crossover design. KE counteracted the hypoxia-induced drop in blood ([Formula: see text]) and muscle oxygenation by ∼3%. In contrast, BIC decreased [Formula: see text] by ∼2% without impacting muscle oxygenation. Performance during TT
and SPRINT were similar between all conditions. In conclusion, KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia.</description><subject>Administration, Oral</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Bicarbonates</subject><subject>Bicarbonates - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Bicarbonates - metabolism</subject><subject>Bicycling</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Cycles</subject><subject>Double-Blind Method</subject><subject>Exercise Tolerance - drug effects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydroxybutyrates - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Hydroxybutyrates - metabolism</subject><subject>Hypoxia</subject><subject>Ketone Bodies - blood</subject><subject>Ketones</subject><subject>Ketosis</subject><subject>Ketosis - blood</subject><subject>Lactic acid</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle Contraction - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - drug effects</subject><subject>Oxygenation</subject><subject>Physical Endurance - drug effects</subject><subject>Physiological effects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0363-6119</issn><issn>1522-1490</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1P3DAQhq2qVVk-_kAPyFIvvWTx-CvOESFakJC40LPltSfbbBM72Im0--8bysKB0xzmmVcz8xDyDdgaQPErtxszbuc1Y9CYNWccPpHV0uAVyIZ9JismtKg0QHNCTkvZMcakkOIrORFSayOFXpHt7T5tMaa50L84pdIV2kWf0RUsdNOnFKiLgQ5z8T3StD8ssJu6FOlmnmhMEx0xtykPLnqkYc5d3FLcY_ZdwSWK_jmMad-5c_KldX3Bi2M9I79_3j7d3FUPj7_ub64fKi8MmyqotZSgQhDCtQ0a71ow2nNE4UEZobD2XHvmQl0rvfF1MEpAMFogNEErcUZ-vOaOOT3PWCY7dMVj37uIy5GWKyMZ1ELyBf3-Ad2lOcdlO8s1U4LJGmCh-CvlcyolY2vH3A0uHyww-6LBHjXY_xrsi4Zl6PIYPW8GDO8jb38X_wB1y4YW</recordid><startdate>20211201</startdate><enddate>20211201</enddate><creator>Poffé, Chiel</creator><creator>Robberechts, Ruben</creator><creator>Podlogar, Tim</creator><creator>Kusters, Martijn</creator><creator>Debevec, Tadej</creator><creator>Hespel, Peter</creator><general>American Physiological Society</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-3075</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-2229</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7053-3978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-994X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211201</creationdate><title>Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia</title><author>Poffé, Chiel ; Robberechts, Ruben ; Podlogar, Tim ; Kusters, Martijn ; Debevec, Tadej ; Hespel, Peter</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1764415dd33af9e8caf186c2ee3c15835e7c26c0ad7756bc7d8531d863e19d653</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Administration, Oral</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Bicarbonates</topic><topic>Bicarbonates - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Bicarbonates - metabolism</topic><topic>Bicycling</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Cycles</topic><topic>Double-Blind Method</topic><topic>Exercise Tolerance - drug effects</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydroxybutyrates - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Hydroxybutyrates - metabolism</topic><topic>Hypoxia</topic><topic>Ketone Bodies - blood</topic><topic>Ketones</topic><topic>Ketosis</topic><topic>Ketosis - blood</topic><topic>Lactic acid</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Muscle Contraction - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - drug effects</topic><topic>Oxygenation</topic><topic>Physical Endurance - drug effects</topic><topic>Physiological effects</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Poffé, Chiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Robberechts, Ruben</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Podlogar, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kusters, Martijn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Debevec, Tadej</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hespel, Peter</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Poffé, Chiel</au><au>Robberechts, Ruben</au><au>Podlogar, Tim</au><au>Kusters, Martijn</au><au>Debevec, Tadej</au><au>Hespel, Peter</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia</atitle><jtitle>American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</addtitle><date>2021-12-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>321</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>R844</spage><epage>R857</epage><pages>R844-R857</pages><issn>0363-6119</issn><eissn>1522-1490</eissn><abstract>Available evidence indicates that elevated blood ketones are associated with improved hypoxic tolerance in rodents. From this perspective, we hypothesized that exogenous ketosis by oral intake of the ketone ester (
)-3-hydroxybutyl (
)-3-hydroxybutyrate (KE) may induce beneficial physiological effects during prolonged exercise in acute hypoxia. As we recently demonstrated KE to deplete blood bicarbonate, which per se may alter the physiological response to hypoxia, we evaluated the effect of KE both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate intake (BIC). Fourteen highly trained male cyclists performed a simulated cycling race (RACE) consisting of 3-h intermittent cycling (IMT
) followed by a 15-min time-trial (TT
) and an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). During RACE, fraction of inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]) was gradually decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%. Before and during RACE, participants received either
) 75 g of ketone ester (KE),
) 300 mg/kg body mass bicarbonate (BIC),
) KE + BIC, or
) a control drink in addition to 60 g of carbohydrates/h in a randomized, crossover design. KE counteracted the hypoxia-induced drop in blood ([Formula: see text]) and muscle oxygenation by ∼3%. In contrast, BIC decreased [Formula: see text] by ∼2% without impacting muscle oxygenation. Performance during TT
and SPRINT were similar between all conditions. In conclusion, KE slightly elevated the degree of blood and muscle oxygenation during prolonged exercise in moderate hypoxia without impacting exercise performance. Our data warrant to further investigate the potential of exogenous ketosis to improve muscular and cerebral oxygenation status, and exercise tolerance in extreme hypoxia.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Physiological Society</pub><pmid>34668436</pmid><doi>10.1152/ajpregu.00198.2021</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-3075</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-2229</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7053-3978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-994X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| issn | 0363-6119 1522-1490 |
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| source | MEDLINE; American Physiological Society; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Administration, Oral Adult Bicarbonates Bicarbonates - administration & dosage Bicarbonates - metabolism Bicycling Blood Body mass Carbohydrates Cross-Over Studies Cycles Double-Blind Method Exercise Tolerance - drug effects Humans Hydroxybutyrates - administration & dosage Hydroxybutyrates - metabolism Hypoxia Ketone Bodies - blood Ketones Ketosis Ketosis - blood Lactic acid Male Muscle Contraction - drug effects Muscle, Skeletal - drug effects Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism Muscles Oxygen Consumption - drug effects Oxygenation Physical Endurance - drug effects Physiological effects Physiology Time Factors Young Adult |
| title | Exogenous ketosis increases blood and muscle oxygenation but not performance during exercise in hypoxia |
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