Cross-reactive CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination
The functional relevance of preexisting cross-immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a subject of intense debate. Here, we show that human endemic coronavirus (HCoV)–reactive and SARS-CoV-2–cross-reactive CD4 T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We ident...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 2021-10, Vol.374 (6564), p.eabh1823-eabh1823 |
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| container_title | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) |
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| creator | Loyal, Lucie Braun, Julian Henze, Larissa Kruse, Beate Dingeldey, Manuela Reimer, Ulf Kern, Florian Schwarz, Tatjana Mangold, Maike Unger, Clara Dörfler, Friederike Kadler, Shirin Rosowski, Jennifer Gürcan, Kübrah Uyar-Aydin, Zehra Frentsch, Marco Kurth, Florian Schnatbaum, Karsten Eckey, Maren Hippenstiel, Stefan Hocke, Andreas Müller, Marcel A Sawitzki, Birgit Miltenyi, Stefan Paul, Friedemann Mall, Marcus A Wenschuh, Holger Voigt, Sebastian Drosten, Christian Lauster, Roland Lachman, Nils Sander, Leif-Erik Corman, Victor M Röhmel, Jobst Meyer-Arndt, Lil Thiel, Andreas Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia |
| description | The functional relevance of preexisting cross-immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a subject of intense debate. Here, we show that human endemic coronavirus (HCoV)–reactive and SARS-CoV-2–cross-reactive CD4
T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We identified a universal immunodominant coronavirus-specific spike peptide (S816-830) and demonstrate that preexisting spike- and S816-830–reactive T cells were recruited into immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their frequency correlated with anti–SARS-CoV-2-S1-IgG antibodies. Spike–cross-reactive T cells were also activated after primary BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination and displayed kinetics similar to those of secondary immune responses. Our results highlight the functional contribution of preexisting spike–cross-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may account for the unexpectedly rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease courses. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1126/science.abh1823 |
| format | Article |
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T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We identified a universal immunodominant coronavirus-specific spike peptide (S816-830) and demonstrate that preexisting spike- and S816-830–reactive T cells were recruited into immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their frequency correlated with anti–SARS-CoV-2-S1-IgG antibodies. Spike–cross-reactive T cells were also activated after primary BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination and displayed kinetics similar to those of secondary immune responses. Our results highlight the functional contribution of preexisting spike–cross-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may account for the unexpectedly rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease courses.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0036-8075</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1095-9203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1126/science.abh1823</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34465633</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: The American Association for the Advancement of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies ; Asymptomatic ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; Asymptomatic infection ; Avidity ; BNT162 Vaccine ; CD3 Complex - immunology ; CD4 antigen ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology ; Coronaviridae ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - immunology ; COVID-19 vaccines ; COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology ; Cross Reactions ; Cross-protection ; Cross-reactivity ; Female ; Glycoproteins ; Homology ; Humans ; Humoral immunity ; Immune response ; Immune system ; Immunity ; Immunization ; Immunodominant Epitopes - immunology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunological memory ; Immunology ; Infections ; Kinetics ; Logical Thinking ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphocytes T ; Male ; Memory cells ; Middle Aged ; mRNA ; Older people ; Open Reading Frames ; Peptide Fragments - immunology ; Peptides ; Respiratory diseases ; Respiratory failure ; SARS-CoV-2 - genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Spike glycoprotein ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology ; Spike protein ; T cell receptors ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Viral diseases ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2021-10, Vol.374 (6564), p.eabh1823-eabh1823</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c366t-29bf1fe442fb24d409c85a86b28504d6829e03220116f1df1c68b2d092eadf3f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c366t-29bf1fe442fb24d409c85a86b28504d6829e03220116f1df1c68b2d092eadf3f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5738-4437 ; 0000-0002-7788-8154 ; 0000-0001-8412-3910 ; 0000-0002-1431-1569 ; 0000-0002-6935-8612 ; 0000-0002-6042-8311 ; 0000-0002-2081-3098 ; 0000-0002-0368-8408 ; 0000-0002-4057-2199 ; 0000-0003-2242-5117 ; 0000-0002-5515-4002 ; 0000-0002-0476-9947 ; 0000-0002-2840-6294 ; 0000-0001-7923-0519 ; 0000-0002-5146-1064 ; 0000-0002-6378-0070 ; 0000-0002-4547-7246 ; 0000-0002-3807-473X ; 0000-0002-3375-6889 ; 0000-0001-8166-8579 ; 0000-0003-1544-9903 ; 0000-0002-7909-020X ; 0000-0003-3760-4791 ; 0000-0002-6540-4263 ; 0000-0001-9281-4770 ; 0000-0002-1535-8852 ; 0000-0002-5927-7018 ; 0000-0002-3605-0136 ; 0000-0002-6054-4750</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,2871,2872,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34465633$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Loyal, Lucie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braun, Julian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henze, Larissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kruse, Beate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dingeldey, Manuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reimer, Ulf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kern, Florian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwarz, Tatjana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mangold, Maike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unger, Clara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dörfler, Friederike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kadler, Shirin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosowski, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gürcan, Kübrah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uyar-Aydin, Zehra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frentsch, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurth, Florian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schnatbaum, Karsten</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eckey, Maren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hippenstiel, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hocke, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Marcel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sawitzki, Birgit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miltenyi, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paul, Friedemann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mall, Marcus A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wenschuh, Holger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voigt, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drosten, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lauster, Roland</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lachman, Nils</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sander, Leif-Erik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corman, Victor M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Röhmel, Jobst</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer-Arndt, Lil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thiel, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia</creatorcontrib><title>Cross-reactive CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination</title><title>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)</title><addtitle>Science</addtitle><description>The functional relevance of preexisting cross-immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a subject of intense debate. Here, we show that human endemic coronavirus (HCoV)–reactive and SARS-CoV-2–cross-reactive CD4
T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We identified a universal immunodominant coronavirus-specific spike peptide (S816-830) and demonstrate that preexisting spike- and S816-830–reactive T cells were recruited into immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their frequency correlated with anti–SARS-CoV-2-S1-IgG antibodies. Spike–cross-reactive T cells were also activated after primary BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination and displayed kinetics similar to those of secondary immune responses. Our results highlight the functional contribution of preexisting spike–cross-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may account for the unexpectedly rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease courses.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Asymptomatic</subject><subject>Asymptomatic Diseases</subject><subject>Asymptomatic infection</subject><subject>Avidity</subject><subject>BNT162 Vaccine</subject><subject>CD3 Complex - immunology</subject><subject>CD4 antigen</subject><subject>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology</subject><subject>Coronaviridae</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - immunology</subject><subject>COVID-19 vaccines</subject><subject>COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology</subject><subject>Cross Reactions</subject><subject>Cross-protection</subject><subject>Cross-reactivity</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glycoproteins</subject><subject>Homology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humoral immunity</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immunity</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Immunodominant Epitopes - immunology</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin G</subject><subject>Immunological memory</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Logical Thinking</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes T</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Memory cells</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>mRNA</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>Open Reading Frames</subject><subject>Peptide Fragments - immunology</subject><subject>Peptides</subject><subject>Respiratory diseases</subject><subject>Respiratory failure</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2 - genetics</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2 - immunology</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Spike glycoprotein</subject><subject>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology</subject><subject>Spike protein</subject><subject>T cell receptors</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Young 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CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination</title><author>Loyal, Lucie ; Braun, Julian ; Henze, Larissa ; Kruse, Beate ; Dingeldey, Manuela ; Reimer, Ulf ; Kern, Florian ; Schwarz, Tatjana ; Mangold, Maike ; Unger, Clara ; Dörfler, Friederike ; Kadler, Shirin ; Rosowski, Jennifer ; Gürcan, Kübrah ; Uyar-Aydin, Zehra ; Frentsch, Marco ; Kurth, Florian ; Schnatbaum, Karsten ; Eckey, Maren ; Hippenstiel, Stefan ; Hocke, Andreas ; Müller, Marcel A ; Sawitzki, Birgit ; Miltenyi, Stefan ; Paul, Friedemann ; Mall, Marcus A ; Wenschuh, Holger ; Voigt, Sebastian ; Drosten, Christian ; Lauster, Roland ; Lachman, Nils ; Sander, Leif-Erik ; Corman, Victor M ; Röhmel, Jobst ; Meyer-Arndt, Lil ; Thiel, Andreas ; Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c366t-29bf1fe442fb24d409c85a86b28504d6829e03220116f1df1c68b2d092eadf3f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Asymptomatic</topic><topic>Asymptomatic Diseases</topic><topic>Asymptomatic infection</topic><topic>Avidity</topic><topic>BNT162 Vaccine</topic><topic>CD3 Complex - immunology</topic><topic>CD4 antigen</topic><topic>CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology</topic><topic>Coronaviridae</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - immunology</topic><topic>COVID-19 vaccines</topic><topic>COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology</topic><topic>Cross Reactions</topic><topic>Cross-protection</topic><topic>Cross-reactivity</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glycoproteins</topic><topic>Homology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Humoral immunity</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immunity</topic><topic>Immunization</topic><topic>Immunodominant Epitopes - immunology</topic><topic>Immunoglobulin G</topic><topic>Immunological memory</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Logical Thinking</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Lymphocytes T</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Memory cells</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>mRNA</topic><topic>Older people</topic><topic>Open Reading Frames</topic><topic>Peptide Fragments - immunology</topic><topic>Peptides</topic><topic>Respiratory diseases</topic><topic>Respiratory failure</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2 - genetics</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2 - immunology</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Spike glycoprotein</topic><topic>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology</topic><topic>Spike protein</topic><topic>T cell receptors</topic><topic>Vaccination</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Loyal, Lucie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braun, Julian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henze, Larissa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kruse, Beate</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dingeldey, Manuela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reimer, Ulf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kern, Florian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwarz, Tatjana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mangold, Maike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Unger, Clara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dörfler, Friederike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kadler, Shirin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosowski, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gürcan, Kübrah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uyar-Aydin, Zehra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frentsch, Marco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurth, Florian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schnatbaum, Karsten</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eckey, Maren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hippenstiel, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hocke, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Marcel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sawitzki, Birgit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miltenyi, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paul, Friedemann</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mall, Marcus A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wenschuh, Holger</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voigt, Sebastian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drosten, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lauster, Roland</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lachman, Nils</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sander, Leif-Erik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corman, Victor M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Röhmel, Jobst</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer-Arndt, Lil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thiel, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts</collection><collection>Corrosion Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Materials Business File</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Copper Technical Reference Library</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic</collection><collection>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Loyal, Lucie</au><au>Braun, Julian</au><au>Henze, Larissa</au><au>Kruse, Beate</au><au>Dingeldey, Manuela</au><au>Reimer, Ulf</au><au>Kern, Florian</au><au>Schwarz, Tatjana</au><au>Mangold, Maike</au><au>Unger, Clara</au><au>Dörfler, Friederike</au><au>Kadler, Shirin</au><au>Rosowski, Jennifer</au><au>Gürcan, Kübrah</au><au>Uyar-Aydin, Zehra</au><au>Frentsch, Marco</au><au>Kurth, Florian</au><au>Schnatbaum, Karsten</au><au>Eckey, Maren</au><au>Hippenstiel, Stefan</au><au>Hocke, Andreas</au><au>Müller, Marcel A</au><au>Sawitzki, Birgit</au><au>Miltenyi, Stefan</au><au>Paul, Friedemann</au><au>Mall, Marcus A</au><au>Wenschuh, Holger</au><au>Voigt, Sebastian</au><au>Drosten, Christian</au><au>Lauster, Roland</au><au>Lachman, Nils</au><au>Sander, Leif-Erik</au><au>Corman, Victor M</au><au>Röhmel, Jobst</au><au>Meyer-Arndt, Lil</au><au>Thiel, Andreas</au><au>Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cross-reactive CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination</atitle><jtitle>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)</jtitle><addtitle>Science</addtitle><date>2021-10-08</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>374</volume><issue>6564</issue><spage>eabh1823</spage><epage>eabh1823</epage><pages>eabh1823-eabh1823</pages><issn>0036-8075</issn><eissn>1095-9203</eissn><abstract>The functional relevance of preexisting cross-immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a subject of intense debate. Here, we show that human endemic coronavirus (HCoV)–reactive and SARS-CoV-2–cross-reactive CD4
T cells are ubiquitous but decrease with age. We identified a universal immunodominant coronavirus-specific spike peptide (S816-830) and demonstrate that preexisting spike- and S816-830–reactive T cells were recruited into immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their frequency correlated with anti–SARS-CoV-2-S1-IgG antibodies. Spike–cross-reactive T cells were also activated after primary BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccination and displayed kinetics similar to those of secondary immune responses. Our results highlight the functional contribution of preexisting spike–cross-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may account for the unexpectedly rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease courses.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>The American Association for the Advancement of Science</pub><pmid>34465633</pmid><doi>10.1126/science.abh1823</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4437</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-8154</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8412-3910</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-1569</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-8612</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6042-8311</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-3098</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-8408</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4057-2199</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-5117</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-4002</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0476-9947</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-6294</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-0519</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5146-1064</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6378-0070</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-7246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-473X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-6889</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-8579</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-9903</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7909-020X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3760-4791</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6540-4263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9281-4770</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1535-8852</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-7018</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3605-0136</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-4750</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0036-8075 |
| ispartof | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2021-10, Vol.374 (6564), p.eabh1823-eabh1823 |
| issn | 0036-8075 1095-9203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2568255305 |
| source | MEDLINE; American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| subjects | Adult Age Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Antibodies Asymptomatic Asymptomatic Diseases Asymptomatic infection Avidity BNT162 Vaccine CD3 Complex - immunology CD4 antigen CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology Coronaviridae Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology Cross Reactions Cross-protection Cross-reactivity Female Glycoproteins Homology Humans Humoral immunity Immune response Immune system Immunity Immunization Immunodominant Epitopes - immunology Immunoglobulin G Immunological memory Immunology Infections Kinetics Logical Thinking Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Male Memory cells Middle Aged mRNA Older people Open Reading Frames Peptide Fragments - immunology Peptides Respiratory diseases Respiratory failure SARS-CoV-2 - genetics SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike glycoprotein Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology Spike protein T cell receptors Vaccination Vaccines Viral diseases Young Adult |
| title | Cross-reactive CD4 + T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-20T17%3A55%3A39IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cross-reactive%20CD4%20+%20T%20cells%20enhance%20SARS-CoV-2%20immune%20responses%20upon%20infection%20and%20vaccination&rft.jtitle=Science%20(American%20Association%20for%20the%20Advancement%20of%20Science)&rft.au=Loyal,%20Lucie&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=6564&rft.spage=eabh1823&rft.epage=eabh1823&rft.pages=eabh1823-eabh1823&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.eissn=1095-9203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.abh1823&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2568255305%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2638074795&rft_id=info:pmid/34465633&rfr_iscdi=true |