Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta‐analysis
Objective To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2021-12, Vol.31 (12), p.2241-2248 |
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| container_title | Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports |
| container_volume | 31 |
| creator | Morales, Javier S. Castillo‐García, Adrián Valenzuela, Pedro L. Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo Mañas, Asier Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro Lucia, Alejandro |
| description | Objective
To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts.
Methods
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the incidence of mortality from mental disorders or suicide in former or active professional athletes of sports characterized by repeated head impacts vs athletes with no such exposure or the general non‐athletic population.
Results
Seven retrospective studies of moderate‐to‐high quality that included data from boxers and from basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and National Football League (NFL) players, respectively (total = 27 477 athletes, 100% male) met all inclusion criteria. Former male NFL players (n = 13 217) had a lower risk of mortality from mental disorders (standard mortality rate [SMR] = 0.30; 0.12–0.77; p = 0.012) and suicide (SMR = 0.54; 0.37–0.78; p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/sms.14038 |
| format | Article |
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To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts.
Methods
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the incidence of mortality from mental disorders or suicide in former or active professional athletes of sports characterized by repeated head impacts vs athletes with no such exposure or the general non‐athletic population.
Results
Seven retrospective studies of moderate‐to‐high quality that included data from boxers and from basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and National Football League (NFL) players, respectively (total = 27 477 athletes, 100% male) met all inclusion criteria. Former male NFL players (n = 13 217) had a lower risk of mortality from mental disorders (standard mortality rate [SMR] = 0.30; 0.12–0.77; p = 0.012) and suicide (SMR = 0.54; 0.37–0.78; p < 0.001) than the general population. This finding was also corroborated in male soccer players (n = 13,065; SMR = 0.55; 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001). Male athletes participating in sports associated with repeated head impacts (n = 18,606) had also a lower risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality (all p < 0.01) than the general population.
Conclusions
Participation of male athletes in American football or soccer at the professional level might confer a certain protective effect against mortality from mental disorders or suicide, besides its association with a lower risk of all‐cause, CVD, or cancer‐related mortality.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0905-7188</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0838</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/sms.14038</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>chronic traumatic encephalopathy ; concussion ; Football ; Mental disorders ; Meta-analysis ; Mortality ; professional athletes ; Soccer ; Suicides & suicide attempts ; traumatic brain injury</subject><ispartof>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2021-12, Vol.31 (12), p.2241-2248</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2021. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3658-429a371a73dd65c68ddcd4b54691288a0bd92b991bf73d82de565190a3b393b33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3658-429a371a73dd65c68ddcd4b54691288a0bd92b991bf73d82de565190a3b393b33</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0100-7541 ; 0000-0003-1730-3369 ; 0000-0002-1683-1365 ; 0000-0002-2309-3583 ; 0000-0002-3255-3246 ; 0000-0002-5565-0997</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fsms.14038$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fsms.14038$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Morales, Javier S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castillo‐García, Adrián</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valenzuela, Pedro L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mañas, Asier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lucia, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><title>Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta‐analysis</title><title>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</title><description>Objective
To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts.
Methods
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the incidence of mortality from mental disorders or suicide in former or active professional athletes of sports characterized by repeated head impacts vs athletes with no such exposure or the general non‐athletic population.
Results
Seven retrospective studies of moderate‐to‐high quality that included data from boxers and from basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and National Football League (NFL) players, respectively (total = 27 477 athletes, 100% male) met all inclusion criteria. Former male NFL players (n = 13 217) had a lower risk of mortality from mental disorders (standard mortality rate [SMR] = 0.30; 0.12–0.77; p = 0.012) and suicide (SMR = 0.54; 0.37–0.78; p < 0.001) than the general population. This finding was also corroborated in male soccer players (n = 13,065; SMR = 0.55; 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001). Male athletes participating in sports associated with repeated head impacts (n = 18,606) had also a lower risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality (all p < 0.01) than the general population.
Conclusions
Participation of male athletes in American football or soccer at the professional level might confer a certain protective effect against mortality from mental disorders or suicide, besides its association with a lower risk of all‐cause, CVD, or cancer‐related mortality.</description><subject>chronic traumatic encephalopathy</subject><subject>concussion</subject><subject>Football</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Meta-analysis</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>professional athletes</subject><subject>Soccer</subject><subject>Suicides & suicide attempts</subject><subject>traumatic brain injury</subject><issn>0905-7188</issn><issn>1600-0838</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><recordid>eNp10ctKxDAUBuAgCo6jC98g4EYX1VyaTuJuEG-guFDXJU1SyJA2Y04H7c5H8Bl9EqN1JRgIIfCdnwM_QoeUnNJ8zqCDU1oSLrfQjFaEFERyuY1mRBFRLKiUu2gPYEUIXahSzNDbfUyDDn4YcZtihzvX5y-2HmKyLgHWvcWw8cZbh32POx0cXqfYOgAf-0yXnUve6B63MQ6NDmEaica4hNdBjznlHC9z8qA_3z90nhnBwz7aaXUAd_D7ztHz1eXTxU1x93B9e7G8KwyvhCxKpjRfUL3g1lbCVNJaY8tGlJWiTEpNGqtYoxRt2kwks05UgiqiecNVvnyOjqfcvPTLxsFQdx6MC0H3Lm6gZqLiJSNKiUyP_tBV3KS8b1YVlYxxUbKsTiZlUgRIrq3XyXc6jTUl9XcHde6g_ukg27PJvvrgxv9h_Xj_OE18ATxpihk</recordid><startdate>202112</startdate><enddate>202112</enddate><creator>Morales, Javier S.</creator><creator>Castillo‐García, Adrián</creator><creator>Valenzuela, Pedro L.</creator><creator>Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo</creator><creator>Mañas, Asier</creator><creator>Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro</creator><creator>Lucia, Alejandro</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0100-7541</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-3369</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-1365</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2309-3583</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-3246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-0997</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202112</creationdate><title>Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta‐analysis</title><author>Morales, Javier S. ; Castillo‐García, Adrián ; Valenzuela, Pedro L. ; Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo ; Mañas, Asier ; Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro ; Lucia, Alejandro</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3658-429a371a73dd65c68ddcd4b54691288a0bd92b991bf73d82de565190a3b393b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>chronic traumatic encephalopathy</topic><topic>concussion</topic><topic>Football</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Meta-analysis</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>professional athletes</topic><topic>Soccer</topic><topic>Suicides & suicide attempts</topic><topic>traumatic brain injury</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Morales, Javier S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Castillo‐García, Adrián</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valenzuela, Pedro L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mañas, Asier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lucia, Alejandro</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Morales, Javier S.</au><au>Castillo‐García, Adrián</au><au>Valenzuela, Pedro L.</au><au>Saco‐Ledo, Gonzalo</au><au>Mañas, Asier</au><au>Santos‐Lozano, Alejandro</au><au>Lucia, Alejandro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta‐analysis</atitle><jtitle>Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports</jtitle><date>2021-12</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>2241</spage><epage>2248</epage><pages>2241-2248</pages><issn>0905-7188</issn><eissn>1600-0838</eissn><abstract>Objective
To determine the risk of mortality from mental disorders and suicide in professional sports associated with repeated head impacts.
Methods
A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus (since inception to June 8, 2021) to find studies comparing the incidence of mortality from mental disorders or suicide in former or active professional athletes of sports characterized by repeated head impacts vs athletes with no such exposure or the general non‐athletic population.
Results
Seven retrospective studies of moderate‐to‐high quality that included data from boxers and from basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and National Football League (NFL) players, respectively (total = 27 477 athletes, 100% male) met all inclusion criteria. Former male NFL players (n = 13 217) had a lower risk of mortality from mental disorders (standard mortality rate [SMR] = 0.30; 0.12–0.77; p = 0.012) and suicide (SMR = 0.54; 0.37–0.78; p < 0.001) than the general population. This finding was also corroborated in male soccer players (n = 13,065; SMR = 0.55; 0.46–0.67; p < 0.001). Male athletes participating in sports associated with repeated head impacts (n = 18,606) had also a lower risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality (all p < 0.01) than the general population.
Conclusions
Participation of male athletes in American football or soccer at the professional level might confer a certain protective effect against mortality from mental disorders or suicide, besides its association with a lower risk of all‐cause, CVD, or cancer‐related mortality.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/sms.14038</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0100-7541</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-3369</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-1365</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2309-3583</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-3246</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-0997</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | chronic traumatic encephalopathy concussion Football Mental disorders Meta-analysis Mortality professional athletes Soccer Suicides & suicide attempts traumatic brain injury |
| title | Mortality from mental disorders and suicide in male professional American football and soccer players: A meta‐analysis |
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