Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7‐year follow‐up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada
Objectives We examined the effect of fluoridation cessation on children's dental caries experience in the Canadian cities of Calgary (cessation in 2011) and Edmonton (still fluoridated). Methods We used a pre‐post cross‐sectional design with comparison group. We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2022-10, Vol.50 (5), p.391-403 |
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| creator | McLaren, Lindsay Patterson, Steven K. Faris, Peter Chen, Guanmin Thawer, Salima Figueiredo, Rafael Weijs, Cynthia McNeil, Deborah Waye, Arianna Potestio, Melissa |
| description | Objectives
We examined the effect of fluoridation cessation on children's dental caries experience in the Canadian cities of Calgary (cessation in 2011) and Edmonton (still fluoridated).
Methods
We used a pre‐post cross‐sectional design with comparison group. We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (approximately 7 years old) 7‐8 years after fluoridation cessation in Calgary, thus capturing children born after cessation occurred. Data collection included a dental examination conducted in school by calibrated dental hygienists, a questionnaire completed by parents, and fingernail clippings for a small subsample. Our overall analytic approach was twofold. We first examined differences in dental caries experience (deft and DMFT, and smooth surface caries based on defs and DMFS) between Calgary and Edmonton and over time (comparing 2018/2019 data to pre‐cessation and early post‐cessation surveys in our setting). Second, we evaluated whether differences were likely to reflect fluoridation cessation in Calgary, rather than other factors.
Results
The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was significantly higher (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/cdoe.12685 |
| format | Article |
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We examined the effect of fluoridation cessation on children's dental caries experience in the Canadian cities of Calgary (cessation in 2011) and Edmonton (still fluoridated).
Methods
We used a pre‐post cross‐sectional design with comparison group. We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (approximately 7 years old) 7‐8 years after fluoridation cessation in Calgary, thus capturing children born after cessation occurred. Data collection included a dental examination conducted in school by calibrated dental hygienists, a questionnaire completed by parents, and fingernail clippings for a small subsample. Our overall analytic approach was twofold. We first examined differences in dental caries experience (deft and DMFT, and smooth surface caries based on defs and DMFS) between Calgary and Edmonton and over time (comparing 2018/2019 data to pre‐cessation and early post‐cessation surveys in our setting). Second, we evaluated whether differences were likely to reflect fluoridation cessation in Calgary, rather than other factors.
Results
The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was significantly higher (P < .05) in Calgary (fluoridation cessation) than in Edmonton (still fluoridated). For example, crude deft prevalence in 2018/2019 was 64.8% (95% CI 62.3‐67.3), n = 2649 in Calgary and 55.1% (95% CI 52.3‐57.8), n = 2600 in Edmonton. These differences were consistent and robust: they persisted with adjustment for potential confounders and in the subset of respondents who were lifelong residents and reported usually drinking tap water; they had widened over time since cessation; and they were corroborated by assessments of dental fluorosis and estimates of total fluoride intake from fingernail clippings. Findings for permanent teeth were less consistent, which likely reflects that 7‐year‐olds have not had the time to accumulate enough permanent dentition caries experience for differences to have become apparent.
Conclusions
Our findings are consistent with an adverse impact of fluoridation cessation on children's dental health in Calgary and point to the need for universal, publicly funded prevention activities—including but not limited to fluoridation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0301-5661</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0528</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12685</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>caries ; Children ; Children & youth ; Data collection ; Dental caries ; Dental fluorosis ; dental health ; Dentition ; Drinking water ; Fingernail ; Fluoridation ; Fluorides ; Fluorosis ; prevention ; public health policy ; Teeth</subject><ispartof>Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 2022-10, Vol.50 (5), p.391-403</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2021. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3705-d7e2dbbb010fce11fa0c28384be8e929e66123bcf89a3d1628f5d81a12386f913</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3705-d7e2dbbb010fce11fa0c28384be8e929e66123bcf89a3d1628f5d81a12386f913</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8435-4804 ; 0000-0001-8993-7999 ; 0000-0003-1247-2155</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fcdoe.12685$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fcdoe.12685$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>McLaren, Lindsay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Steven K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faris, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Guanmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thawer, Salima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueiredo, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weijs, Cynthia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McNeil, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waye, Arianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potestio, Melissa</creatorcontrib><title>Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7‐year follow‐up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada</title><title>Community dentistry and oral epidemiology</title><description>Objectives
We examined the effect of fluoridation cessation on children's dental caries experience in the Canadian cities of Calgary (cessation in 2011) and Edmonton (still fluoridated).
Methods
We used a pre‐post cross‐sectional design with comparison group. We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (approximately 7 years old) 7‐8 years after fluoridation cessation in Calgary, thus capturing children born after cessation occurred. Data collection included a dental examination conducted in school by calibrated dental hygienists, a questionnaire completed by parents, and fingernail clippings for a small subsample. Our overall analytic approach was twofold. We first examined differences in dental caries experience (deft and DMFT, and smooth surface caries based on defs and DMFS) between Calgary and Edmonton and over time (comparing 2018/2019 data to pre‐cessation and early post‐cessation surveys in our setting). Second, we evaluated whether differences were likely to reflect fluoridation cessation in Calgary, rather than other factors.
Results
The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was significantly higher (P < .05) in Calgary (fluoridation cessation) than in Edmonton (still fluoridated). For example, crude deft prevalence in 2018/2019 was 64.8% (95% CI 62.3‐67.3), n = 2649 in Calgary and 55.1% (95% CI 52.3‐57.8), n = 2600 in Edmonton. These differences were consistent and robust: they persisted with adjustment for potential confounders and in the subset of respondents who were lifelong residents and reported usually drinking tap water; they had widened over time since cessation; and they were corroborated by assessments of dental fluorosis and estimates of total fluoride intake from fingernail clippings. Findings for permanent teeth were less consistent, which likely reflects that 7‐year‐olds have not had the time to accumulate enough permanent dentition caries experience for differences to have become apparent.
Conclusions
Our findings are consistent with an adverse impact of fluoridation cessation on children's dental health in Calgary and point to the need for universal, publicly funded prevention activities—including but not limited to fluoridation.</description><subject>caries</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Data collection</subject><subject>Dental caries</subject><subject>Dental fluorosis</subject><subject>dental health</subject><subject>Dentition</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Fingernail</subject><subject>Fluoridation</subject><subject>Fluorides</subject><subject>Fluorosis</subject><subject>prevention</subject><subject>public health policy</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><issn>0301-5661</issn><issn>1600-0528</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kcFOGzEQhq2KSg20lz6BpV6qiqW2d-11ekNpEpCQuMDZ8trjssixg51tlBuPgLjxejwJDksvHDoXj399_sejH6GvlJzQUj-NjXBCmZD8A5pQQUhFOJMHaEJqQisuBP2EDnO-JYS2tRAT9LjwQ0y91Zs-Bmwg57HTwWJz03ubIDzfP2VsIWy0x0anHvIvfIrb5_uHHeiEXfQ-bsttWGP4q_0wOkSHl0lbwAxncxOj_2eH-4Bn2v_Rafc6Zm5XMWxiOC5q0FZ_Rh-d9hm-vJ1H6Hoxv5qdVReXy_PZ6UVl6pbwyrbAbNd1hBJngFKniWGylk0HEqZsCmVZVnfGyamuLRVMOm4l1UWUwk1pfYS-j77rFO8GyBu16rMB73WAOGTFOOd1I3lDCvrtHXobhxTK7xRraSMbTsSe-jFSJsWcEzi1Tv2qrKkoUft41D4e9RpPgekIb3sPu_-Qavb7cj6-eQHjhpXB</recordid><startdate>202210</startdate><enddate>202210</enddate><creator>McLaren, Lindsay</creator><creator>Patterson, Steven K.</creator><creator>Faris, Peter</creator><creator>Chen, Guanmin</creator><creator>Thawer, Salima</creator><creator>Figueiredo, Rafael</creator><creator>Weijs, Cynthia</creator><creator>McNeil, Deborah</creator><creator>Waye, Arianna</creator><creator>Potestio, Melissa</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-4804</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-7999</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-2155</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202210</creationdate><title>Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7‐year follow‐up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada</title><author>McLaren, Lindsay ; Patterson, Steven K. ; Faris, Peter ; Chen, Guanmin ; Thawer, Salima ; Figueiredo, Rafael ; Weijs, Cynthia ; McNeil, Deborah ; Waye, Arianna ; Potestio, Melissa</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3705-d7e2dbbb010fce11fa0c28384be8e929e66123bcf89a3d1628f5d81a12386f913</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>caries</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Data collection</topic><topic>Dental caries</topic><topic>Dental fluorosis</topic><topic>dental health</topic><topic>Dentition</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Fingernail</topic><topic>Fluoridation</topic><topic>Fluorides</topic><topic>Fluorosis</topic><topic>prevention</topic><topic>public health policy</topic><topic>Teeth</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>McLaren, Lindsay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Steven K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faris, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Guanmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thawer, Salima</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Figueiredo, Rafael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weijs, Cynthia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McNeil, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Waye, Arianna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potestio, Melissa</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library website</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Community dentistry and oral epidemiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>McLaren, Lindsay</au><au>Patterson, Steven K.</au><au>Faris, Peter</au><au>Chen, Guanmin</au><au>Thawer, Salima</au><au>Figueiredo, Rafael</au><au>Weijs, Cynthia</au><au>McNeil, Deborah</au><au>Waye, Arianna</au><au>Potestio, Melissa</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7‐year follow‐up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada</atitle><jtitle>Community dentistry and oral epidemiology</jtitle><date>2022-10</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>391</spage><epage>403</epage><pages>391-403</pages><issn>0301-5661</issn><eissn>1600-0528</eissn><abstract>Objectives
We examined the effect of fluoridation cessation on children's dental caries experience in the Canadian cities of Calgary (cessation in 2011) and Edmonton (still fluoridated).
Methods
We used a pre‐post cross‐sectional design with comparison group. We studied Grade 2 schoolchildren (approximately 7 years old) 7‐8 years after fluoridation cessation in Calgary, thus capturing children born after cessation occurred. Data collection included a dental examination conducted in school by calibrated dental hygienists, a questionnaire completed by parents, and fingernail clippings for a small subsample. Our overall analytic approach was twofold. We first examined differences in dental caries experience (deft and DMFT, and smooth surface caries based on defs and DMFS) between Calgary and Edmonton and over time (comparing 2018/2019 data to pre‐cessation and early post‐cessation surveys in our setting). Second, we evaluated whether differences were likely to reflect fluoridation cessation in Calgary, rather than other factors.
Results
The prevalence of caries in the primary dentition was significantly higher (P < .05) in Calgary (fluoridation cessation) than in Edmonton (still fluoridated). For example, crude deft prevalence in 2018/2019 was 64.8% (95% CI 62.3‐67.3), n = 2649 in Calgary and 55.1% (95% CI 52.3‐57.8), n = 2600 in Edmonton. These differences were consistent and robust: they persisted with adjustment for potential confounders and in the subset of respondents who were lifelong residents and reported usually drinking tap water; they had widened over time since cessation; and they were corroborated by assessments of dental fluorosis and estimates of total fluoride intake from fingernail clippings. Findings for permanent teeth were less consistent, which likely reflects that 7‐year‐olds have not had the time to accumulate enough permanent dentition caries experience for differences to have become apparent.
Conclusions
Our findings are consistent with an adverse impact of fluoridation cessation on children's dental health in Calgary and point to the need for universal, publicly funded prevention activities—including but not limited to fluoridation.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/cdoe.12685</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-4804</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8993-7999</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-2155</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley Online Library (Online service) |
| subjects | caries Children Children & youth Data collection Dental caries Dental fluorosis dental health Dentition Drinking water Fingernail Fluoridation Fluorides Fluorosis prevention public health policy Teeth |
| title | Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: A 7‐year follow‐up evaluation of Grade 2 schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada |
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