Consequences of whole genome duplication for 2n pollen performance

The vegetative cell of the angiosperm male gametophyte (pollen) functions as a free-living, single-celled organism that both produces and transports sperm to egg. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) should have strong effects on pollen because of the haploid to diploid transition and because of both genetic and epigenetic effects on cell-level phenotypes. To disentangle historical effects of WGD on pollen performance, studies can compare 1n pollen from diploids to neo- 2n pollen from diploids and synthetic autotetraploids to older 2n pollen from established neo-autotetraploids. WGD doubles both gene number and bulk nuclear DNA mass, and a substantial proportion of diploid and autotetraploid heterozygosity can be transmitted to 2n pollen. Relative to 1n pollen, 2n pollen can exhibit heterosis due to higher gene dosage, higher heterozygosity and new allelic interactions. Doubled genome size also has consequences for gene regulation and expression as well as epigenetic effects on cell architecture. Pollen volume doubling is a universal effect of WGD, whereas an increase in aperture number is common among taxa with simultaneous microsporogenesis and pored apertures, mostly eudicots. WGD instantly affects numerous evolved compromises among mature pollen functional traits and these are rapidly shaped by highly diverse tissue interactions and pollen competitive environments in the early post-WGD generations. 2n pollen phenotypes generally incur higher performance costs, and the degree to which these are met or evolve by scaling up provisioning and metabolic vigor needs further study.