Influence of surface oxidation on the quantification of polypropylene microplastics by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

The influence of photo-oxidation on the quantification of isotactic polypropylene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) was assessed. Beads (oval shape, ~5 mm) and fragments (irregular shaped, 250–50 μm and 500–1000 μm) were subjected to relatively harsh simulated accelerated...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Science of the total environment 2021-11, Vol.796, p.148835-148835, Article 148835
Hauptverfasser: Toapanta, Tania, Okoffo, Elvis D., Ede, Sarah, O'Brien, Stacey, Burrows, Stephen D., Ribeiro, Francisca, Gallen, Michael, Colwell, John, Whittaker, Andrew K., Kaserzon, Sarit, Thomas, Kevin V.
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container_title The Science of the total environment
container_volume 796
creator Toapanta, Tania
Okoffo, Elvis D.
Ede, Sarah
O'Brien, Stacey
Burrows, Stephen D.
Ribeiro, Francisca
Gallen, Michael
Colwell, John
Whittaker, Andrew K.
Kaserzon, Sarit
Thomas, Kevin V.
description The influence of photo-oxidation on the quantification of isotactic polypropylene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) was assessed. Beads (oval shape, ~5 mm) and fragments (irregular shaped, 250–50 μm and 500–1000 μm) were subjected to relatively harsh simulated accelerated weathering conditions (using a filtered xenon-arc reproducing sunlight's full spectrum) for up to 37 and 80 days, respectively. Samples collected (n = 10 replicates for each treatment) at increasing number of weathering days were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in order to assess the extent and the rate of degradation. The rate of surface oxidation occurred faster for fragments compared to beads, probably due to their higher surface area. Quantification of the polypropylene trimer (2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene) via double shot Pyr-GC/MS, showed that the signal of the trimer relative to the mass of polypropylene was reduced through weathering with a degradation rate of 1:3 faster for fragments over beads. Signal reduction and carbonyl index were correlated to show that polypropylene with a carbonyl index of ≥13 has a significantly reduced 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene signal when compared to virgin material. Consequently, the quantification of polypropylene subjected to weathering under harsh conditions may be underestimated by 42% (fragments, carbonyl index: 18) to 49% (beads, carbonyl index: 30) when quantified by Pyr-GC/MS and using virgin polypropylene calibration standards. Pyrolysis at a lower temperature (350 °C) identified six degradation specific markers (oxidation products) that increased in concentration with weathering. Further comparisons between virgin and weathered microplastics may need to be considered to avoid underestimation of microplastic concentrations in future studies. [Display omitted] •Contribution of weathering to the uncertainty of quantifying polypropylene by pyrolysis GC/MS assessed.•Extensive weathering can decrease the pyrolysis product signal by 42–49%.•Quantification of polypropylene is affected when the carbonyl index is ≥13.•Rate of surface oxidation faster for polypropylene fragments than beads•Six pyrolysis markers of polypropylene weathering identified.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148835
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Beads (oval shape, ~5 mm) and fragments (irregular shaped, 250–50 μm and 500–1000 μm) were subjected to relatively harsh simulated accelerated weathering conditions (using a filtered xenon-arc reproducing sunlight's full spectrum) for up to 37 and 80 days, respectively. Samples collected (n = 10 replicates for each treatment) at increasing number of weathering days were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in order to assess the extent and the rate of degradation. The rate of surface oxidation occurred faster for fragments compared to beads, probably due to their higher surface area. Quantification of the polypropylene trimer (2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene) via double shot Pyr-GC/MS, showed that the signal of the trimer relative to the mass of polypropylene was reduced through weathering with a degradation rate of 1:3 faster for fragments over beads. Signal reduction and carbonyl index were correlated to show that polypropylene with a carbonyl index of ≥13 has a significantly reduced 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene signal when compared to virgin material. Consequently, the quantification of polypropylene subjected to weathering under harsh conditions may be underestimated by 42% (fragments, carbonyl index: 18) to 49% (beads, carbonyl index: 30) when quantified by Pyr-GC/MS and using virgin polypropylene calibration standards. Pyrolysis at a lower temperature (350 °C) identified six degradation specific markers (oxidation products) that increased in concentration with weathering. Further comparisons between virgin and weathered microplastics may need to be considered to avoid underestimation of microplastic concentrations in future studies. 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Beads (oval shape, ~5 mm) and fragments (irregular shaped, 250–50 μm and 500–1000 μm) were subjected to relatively harsh simulated accelerated weathering conditions (using a filtered xenon-arc reproducing sunlight's full spectrum) for up to 37 and 80 days, respectively. Samples collected (n = 10 replicates for each treatment) at increasing number of weathering days were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in order to assess the extent and the rate of degradation. The rate of surface oxidation occurred faster for fragments compared to beads, probably due to their higher surface area. Quantification of the polypropylene trimer (2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene) via double shot Pyr-GC/MS, showed that the signal of the trimer relative to the mass of polypropylene was reduced through weathering with a degradation rate of 1:3 faster for fragments over beads. Signal reduction and carbonyl index were correlated to show that polypropylene with a carbonyl index of ≥13 has a significantly reduced 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene signal when compared to virgin material. Consequently, the quantification of polypropylene subjected to weathering under harsh conditions may be underestimated by 42% (fragments, carbonyl index: 18) to 49% (beads, carbonyl index: 30) when quantified by Pyr-GC/MS and using virgin polypropylene calibration standards. Pyrolysis at a lower temperature (350 °C) identified six degradation specific markers (oxidation products) that increased in concentration with weathering. Further comparisons between virgin and weathered microplastics may need to be considered to avoid underestimation of microplastic concentrations in future studies. [Display omitted] •Contribution of weathering to the uncertainty of quantifying polypropylene by pyrolysis GC/MS assessed.•Extensive weathering can decrease the pyrolysis product signal by 42–49%.•Quantification of polypropylene is affected when the carbonyl index is ≥13.•Rate of surface oxidation faster for polypropylene fragments than beads•Six pyrolysis markers of polypropylene weathering identified.</description><subject>Accelerated artificial weathering</subject><subject>Carbonyl index</subject><subject>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)</subject><subject>Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)</subject><subject>Surface oxidation</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkMFq3DAQhkVpodukz1Ade_FWsiVbPobQpIFAL81ZaKVRVottORo51A-Q947MhlwzCGb4-WfQ_xHyg7M9Z7z9ddqjDTlmmJ73Nav5ngulGvmJ7Ljq-oqzuv1MdowJVfVt330l3xBPrFSn-I683E1-WGCyQKOnuCRvtvF_cCaHONHy8hHo02KmHHywb6qncxzWOcV5HWACOgZb5sFgDhbpYaXzmooBA9JHg9QeUxxNjo_JzMeVjgaR4gw2FxlyWi_JF28GhO9v_YI83Pz-d_2nuv97e3d9dV_ZRqhcNUKYTkjhDkq2h75VHHwvTVFVCeNZ41wNbec8ONO1B5De1XUjpHRM8N6w5oL8PN8tP39aALMeA1oYBjNBXFDXUjayli1TxdqdrSUYYgKv5xRGk1bNmd7A65N-B6838PoMvmxenTehJHkOkDbfRtiFVCJrF8OHN14BlMGVow</recordid><startdate>20211120</startdate><enddate>20211120</enddate><creator>Toapanta, Tania</creator><creator>Okoffo, Elvis D.</creator><creator>Ede, Sarah</creator><creator>O'Brien, Stacey</creator><creator>Burrows, Stephen D.</creator><creator>Ribeiro, Francisca</creator><creator>Gallen, Michael</creator><creator>Colwell, John</creator><creator>Whittaker, Andrew K.</creator><creator>Kaserzon, Sarit</creator><creator>Thomas, Kevin V.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20211120</creationdate><title>Influence of surface oxidation on the quantification of polypropylene microplastics by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry</title><author>Toapanta, Tania ; Okoffo, Elvis D. ; Ede, Sarah ; O'Brien, Stacey ; Burrows, Stephen D. ; Ribeiro, Francisca ; Gallen, Michael ; Colwell, John ; Whittaker, Andrew K. ; Kaserzon, Sarit ; Thomas, Kevin V.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-344a7454db856b9681ef95a44a8781f03dd2e67dfeda76be5fd223455d0419a03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Accelerated artificial weathering</topic><topic>Carbonyl index</topic><topic>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)</topic><topic>Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)</topic><topic>Surface oxidation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Toapanta, Tania</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okoffo, Elvis D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ede, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Stacey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burrows, Stephen D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ribeiro, Francisca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gallen, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colwell, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Whittaker, Andrew K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaserzon, Sarit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Kevin V.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Toapanta, Tania</au><au>Okoffo, Elvis D.</au><au>Ede, Sarah</au><au>O'Brien, Stacey</au><au>Burrows, Stephen D.</au><au>Ribeiro, Francisca</au><au>Gallen, Michael</au><au>Colwell, John</au><au>Whittaker, Andrew K.</au><au>Kaserzon, Sarit</au><au>Thomas, Kevin V.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of surface oxidation on the quantification of polypropylene microplastics by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><date>2021-11-20</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>796</volume><spage>148835</spage><epage>148835</epage><pages>148835-148835</pages><artnum>148835</artnum><issn>0048-9697</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>The influence of photo-oxidation on the quantification of isotactic polypropylene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) was assessed. Beads (oval shape, ~5 mm) and fragments (irregular shaped, 250–50 μm and 500–1000 μm) were subjected to relatively harsh simulated accelerated weathering conditions (using a filtered xenon-arc reproducing sunlight's full spectrum) for up to 37 and 80 days, respectively. Samples collected (n = 10 replicates for each treatment) at increasing number of weathering days were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry in order to assess the extent and the rate of degradation. The rate of surface oxidation occurred faster for fragments compared to beads, probably due to their higher surface area. Quantification of the polypropylene trimer (2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene) via double shot Pyr-GC/MS, showed that the signal of the trimer relative to the mass of polypropylene was reduced through weathering with a degradation rate of 1:3 faster for fragments over beads. Signal reduction and carbonyl index were correlated to show that polypropylene with a carbonyl index of ≥13 has a significantly reduced 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene signal when compared to virgin material. Consequently, the quantification of polypropylene subjected to weathering under harsh conditions may be underestimated by 42% (fragments, carbonyl index: 18) to 49% (beads, carbonyl index: 30) when quantified by Pyr-GC/MS and using virgin polypropylene calibration standards. Pyrolysis at a lower temperature (350 °C) identified six degradation specific markers (oxidation products) that increased in concentration with weathering. Further comparisons between virgin and weathered microplastics may need to be considered to avoid underestimation of microplastic concentrations in future studies. [Display omitted] •Contribution of weathering to the uncertainty of quantifying polypropylene by pyrolysis GC/MS assessed.•Extensive weathering can decrease the pyrolysis product signal by 42–49%.•Quantification of polypropylene is affected when the carbonyl index is ≥13.•Rate of surface oxidation faster for polypropylene fragments than beads•Six pyrolysis markers of polypropylene weathering identified.</abstract><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148835</doi><tpages>1</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Accelerated artificial weathering
Carbonyl index
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Surface oxidation
title Influence of surface oxidation on the quantification of polypropylene microplastics by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry
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