The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses
Objective To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane‐anesthetized horses. Design Prospective, crossover study design. Setting University Teaching Hospital. Animals Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be heal...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000) Tex. : 2000), 2021-07, Vol.31 (4), p.476-482 |
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| container_title | Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000) |
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| creator | Reed, Rachel A. Epstein, Kira L. Bramski, Jessica H. Diehl, Kathryn A. Ryan, Clare A. |
| description | Objective
To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane‐anesthetized horses.
Design
Prospective, crossover study design.
Setting
University Teaching Hospital.
Animals
Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be healthy via physical examination, complete blood count, and neurological evaluation.
Interventions
Horses were anesthetized, maintained on isoflurane in oxygen in left lateral recumbency, and ventilated to normocapnia. Horses were instrumented for intraparenchymal measurement of ICP, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and end tidal gas analyzer. Xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated for the following 15 minutes. Twenty‐four to 36 hours following anesthetic recovery, xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, heart rate, and Doppler blood pressure (BPdop) on the tail were monitored for 15 minutes.
Measurements and Main Results
There was a decrease in ICP following administration of xylazine in anesthetized horses (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/vec.13083 |
| format | Article |
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To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane‐anesthetized horses.
Design
Prospective, crossover study design.
Setting
University Teaching Hospital.
Animals
Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be healthy via physical examination, complete blood count, and neurological evaluation.
Interventions
Horses were anesthetized, maintained on isoflurane in oxygen in left lateral recumbency, and ventilated to normocapnia. Horses were instrumented for intraparenchymal measurement of ICP, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and end tidal gas analyzer. Xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated for the following 15 minutes. Twenty‐four to 36 hours following anesthetic recovery, xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, heart rate, and Doppler blood pressure (BPdop) on the tail were monitored for 15 minutes.
Measurements and Main Results
There was a decrease in ICP following administration of xylazine in anesthetized horses (P < 0.003) but not standing horses (P = 0.227). There was an increase in systolic arterial pressure, MAP, diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.001), and BPdop (P = 0.001) following administration of xylazine. As a result, CPP increased in anesthetized horses (P < 0.03). There was a negative association between ICP and MAP in anesthetized horses (P = 0.007) but not ICP and BPdop conscious horses (P = 0.379).
Conclusions
Administration of xylazine to anesthetized horses resulted in an increased CPP due to decreased ICP with concurrent increased MAP. Administration of xylazine to standing horses did not result in a change in ICP. However, with the increase in BPdop found in awake horses, it is likely that CPP would also increase in awake horses following xylazine administration.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1479-3261</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4431</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/vec.13083</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34143942</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States</publisher><subject>Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Cross-Over Studies ; Heart Rate ; Horses ; Intracranial Pressure ; Isoflurane ; Prospective Studies ; Xylazine - pharmacology</subject><ispartof>Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000), 2021-07, Vol.31 (4), p.476-482</ispartof><rights>Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2021</rights><rights>Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3253-56a929253d5cbd7aa40c27f4a07556b295950a0ee49dc15b71b2c9734177cabc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3253-56a929253d5cbd7aa40c27f4a07556b295950a0ee49dc15b71b2c9734177cabc3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7545-2904 ; 0000-0003-0671-4568</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fvec.13083$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fvec.13083$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34143942$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Reed, Rachel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Epstein, Kira L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bramski, Jessica H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diehl, Kathryn A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryan, Clare A.</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses</title><title>Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000)</title><addtitle>J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)</addtitle><description>Objective
To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane‐anesthetized horses.
Design
Prospective, crossover study design.
Setting
University Teaching Hospital.
Animals
Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be healthy via physical examination, complete blood count, and neurological evaluation.
Interventions
Horses were anesthetized, maintained on isoflurane in oxygen in left lateral recumbency, and ventilated to normocapnia. Horses were instrumented for intraparenchymal measurement of ICP, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and end tidal gas analyzer. Xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated for the following 15 minutes. Twenty‐four to 36 hours following anesthetic recovery, xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, heart rate, and Doppler blood pressure (BPdop) on the tail were monitored for 15 minutes.
Measurements and Main Results
There was a decrease in ICP following administration of xylazine in anesthetized horses (P < 0.003) but not standing horses (P = 0.227). There was an increase in systolic arterial pressure, MAP, diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.001), and BPdop (P = 0.001) following administration of xylazine. As a result, CPP increased in anesthetized horses (P < 0.03). There was a negative association between ICP and MAP in anesthetized horses (P = 0.007) but not ICP and BPdop conscious horses (P = 0.379).
Conclusions
Administration of xylazine to anesthetized horses resulted in an increased CPP due to decreased ICP with concurrent increased MAP. Administration of xylazine to standing horses did not result in a change in ICP. However, with the increase in BPdop found in awake horses, it is likely that CPP would also increase in awake horses following xylazine administration.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Blood Pressure</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Heart Rate</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Intracranial Pressure</subject><subject>Isoflurane</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Xylazine - pharmacology</subject><issn>1479-3261</issn><issn>1476-4431</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kDtPwzAUhS0EolAY-APIIwxp_UzqEVXlIVVioLBajnNDjdKk2AnQ_npMU9i4w33p09HRQeiCkhGNNf4AO6KcTPgBOqEiSxMhOD3c7SrhLKUDdBrCGyFUKcmO0YALKrgS7AQ9LZaAoSzBtrgp8demMltXA25q7OrWG-tN7UyF1x5C6DzELzY1hHYJrdtCEY8ChzZ2V7_iZeMDhDN0VJoqwPl-DtHz7WwxvU_mj3cP05t5YjmTPJGpUUzFrZA2LzJjBLEsK4UhmZRpzpRUkhgCIFRhqcwzmjOrsug9y6zJLR-iq1537Zv3LnrSKxcsVFU02HRBMym4kFxNZESve9T6JgQPpV57tzJ-oynRPxnqmKHeZRjZy71sl6-g-CN_Q4vAuAc-XQWb_5X0y2zaS34DTWd7Hw</recordid><startdate>202107</startdate><enddate>202107</enddate><creator>Reed, Rachel A.</creator><creator>Epstein, Kira L.</creator><creator>Bramski, Jessica H.</creator><creator>Diehl, Kathryn A.</creator><creator>Ryan, Clare A.</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7545-2904</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-4568</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202107</creationdate><title>The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses</title><author>Reed, Rachel A. ; Epstein, Kira L. ; Bramski, Jessica H. ; Diehl, Kathryn A. ; Ryan, Clare A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3253-56a929253d5cbd7aa40c27f4a07556b295950a0ee49dc15b71b2c9734177cabc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Blood Pressure</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Heart Rate</topic><topic>Horses</topic><topic>Intracranial Pressure</topic><topic>Isoflurane</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Xylazine - pharmacology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Reed, Rachel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Epstein, Kira L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bramski, Jessica H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diehl, Kathryn A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryan, Clare A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Reed, Rachel A.</au><au>Epstein, Kira L.</au><au>Bramski, Jessica H.</au><au>Diehl, Kathryn A.</au><au>Ryan, Clare A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses</atitle><jtitle>Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000)</jtitle><addtitle>J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)</addtitle><date>2021-07</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>476</spage><epage>482</epage><pages>476-482</pages><issn>1479-3261</issn><eissn>1476-4431</eissn><abstract>Objective
To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane‐anesthetized horses.
Design
Prospective, crossover study design.
Setting
University Teaching Hospital.
Animals
Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be healthy via physical examination, complete blood count, and neurological evaluation.
Interventions
Horses were anesthetized, maintained on isoflurane in oxygen in left lateral recumbency, and ventilated to normocapnia. Horses were instrumented for intraparenchymal measurement of ICP, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and end tidal gas analyzer. Xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated for the following 15 minutes. Twenty‐four to 36 hours following anesthetic recovery, xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, heart rate, and Doppler blood pressure (BPdop) on the tail were monitored for 15 minutes.
Measurements and Main Results
There was a decrease in ICP following administration of xylazine in anesthetized horses (P < 0.003) but not standing horses (P = 0.227). There was an increase in systolic arterial pressure, MAP, diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.001), and BPdop (P = 0.001) following administration of xylazine. As a result, CPP increased in anesthetized horses (P < 0.03). There was a negative association between ICP and MAP in anesthetized horses (P = 0.007) but not ICP and BPdop conscious horses (P = 0.379).
Conclusions
Administration of xylazine to anesthetized horses resulted in an increased CPP due to decreased ICP with concurrent increased MAP. Administration of xylazine to standing horses did not result in a change in ICP. However, with the increase in BPdop found in awake horses, it is likely that CPP would also increase in awake horses following xylazine administration.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pmid>34143942</pmid><doi>10.1111/vec.13083</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7545-2904</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-4568</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2000), 2021-07, Vol.31 (4), p.476-482 |
| issn | 1479-3261 1476-4431 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Access via Wiley Online Library |
| subjects | Animals Blood Pressure Cross-Over Studies Heart Rate Horses Intracranial Pressure Isoflurane Prospective Studies Xylazine - pharmacology |
| title | The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses |
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