Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species
Prized medicinal spice true nutmeg is obtained from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Rest species of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Asia, Africa, America against madness, c...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Phytotherapy research 2021-09, Vol.35 (9), p.4632-4659 |
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| creator | Barman, Rubi Bora, Pranjit Kumar Saikia, Jadumoni Kemprai, Phirose Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem Haldar, Saikat Banik, Dipanwita |
| description | Prized medicinal spice true nutmeg is obtained from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Rest species of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Asia, Africa, America against madness, convulsion, cancer, skin infection, malaria, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma, cough, cold, as stimulant, tonics, and psychotomimetic agents. Nutmegs are cultivated around the tropics for high‐value commercial spice, used in global cuisine. A thorough literature survey of peer‐reviewed publications, scientific online databases, authentic webpages, and regulatory guidelines found major phytochemicals namely, terpenes, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkanes, lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, and indole alkaloids. Scientific names, synonyms were verified with www.theplantlist.org. Pharmacological evaluation of extracts and isolated biomarkers showed cholinesterase inhibitory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal activities, and toxicity through in‐vitro, in‐vivo studies. Human clinical trials were very few. Most of the pharmacological studies were not conducted as per current guidelines of natural products to ensure repeatability, safety, and translational use in human therapeutics. Rigorous pharmacological evaluation and randomized double‐blind clinical trials are recommended to analyze the efficacy and therapeutic potential of nutmeg and wild nutmegs in anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, stroke, cancer, and others. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ptr.7098 |
| format | Article |
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Rest species of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Asia, Africa, America against madness, convulsion, cancer, skin infection, malaria, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma, cough, cold, as stimulant, tonics, and psychotomimetic agents. Nutmegs are cultivated around the tropics for high‐value commercial spice, used in global cuisine. A thorough literature survey of peer‐reviewed publications, scientific online databases, authentic webpages, and regulatory guidelines found major phytochemicals namely, terpenes, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkanes, lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, and indole alkaloids. Scientific names, synonyms were verified with www.theplantlist.org. Pharmacological evaluation of extracts and isolated biomarkers showed cholinesterase inhibitory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal activities, and toxicity through in‐vitro, in‐vivo studies. Human clinical trials were very few. Most of the pharmacological studies were not conducted as per current guidelines of natural products to ensure repeatability, safety, and translational use in human therapeutics. Rigorous pharmacological evaluation and randomized double‐blind clinical trials are recommended to analyze the efficacy and therapeutic potential of nutmeg and wild nutmegs in anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, stroke, cancer, and others.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0951-418X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1099-1573</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7098</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33987899</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Alkanes ; Alzheimer's disease ; Antidiabetics ; Antiinfectives and antibacterials ; Asthma ; Autism ; Biocompatibility ; Biomarkers ; Cholinesterase ; Clinical trials ; Cough ; Diabetes mellitus ; Diarrhea ; ethnomedicine ; Fatty acids ; Flavonoids ; Guidelines ; Immunomodulation ; Indoles ; Inflammation ; Lignans ; Literature reviews ; Malaria ; Mental disorders ; Myristicaceae ; Natural products ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Neuroprotection ; Nutmeg ; nutmegs ; Pain perception ; Pharmacology ; Phenylpropanoids ; Phytochemicals ; Product safety ; Schizophrenia ; Scientific papers ; Terpenes ; Toxicity ; Tropical environments ; Vector-borne diseases</subject><ispartof>Phytotherapy research, 2021-09, Vol.35 (9), p.4632-4659</ispartof><rights>2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3498-1bd08c6a66e3cca13311b58c9f93fb7c53f863a839e937aeb0ba13f40ed309fc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3498-1bd08c6a66e3cca13311b58c9f93fb7c53f863a839e937aeb0ba13f40ed309fc3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5926-6864</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fptr.7098$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fptr.7098$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1416,27923,27924,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33987899$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Barman, Rubi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bora, Pranjit Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikia, Jadumoni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemprai, Phirose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haldar, Saikat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banik, Dipanwita</creatorcontrib><title>Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species</title><title>Phytotherapy research</title><addtitle>Phytother Res</addtitle><description>Prized medicinal spice true nutmeg is obtained from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Rest species of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Asia, Africa, America against madness, convulsion, cancer, skin infection, malaria, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma, cough, cold, as stimulant, tonics, and psychotomimetic agents. Nutmegs are cultivated around the tropics for high‐value commercial spice, used in global cuisine. A thorough literature survey of peer‐reviewed publications, scientific online databases, authentic webpages, and regulatory guidelines found major phytochemicals namely, terpenes, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkanes, lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, and indole alkaloids. Scientific names, synonyms were verified with www.theplantlist.org. Pharmacological evaluation of extracts and isolated biomarkers showed cholinesterase inhibitory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal activities, and toxicity through in‐vitro, in‐vivo studies. Human clinical trials were very few. Most of the pharmacological studies were not conducted as per current guidelines of natural products to ensure repeatability, safety, and translational use in human therapeutics. Rigorous pharmacological evaluation and randomized double‐blind clinical trials are recommended to analyze the efficacy and therapeutic potential of nutmeg and wild nutmegs in anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, stroke, cancer, and others.</description><subject>Alkanes</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Antidiabetics</subject><subject>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</subject><subject>Asthma</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Cholinesterase</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Cough</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>ethnomedicine</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Flavonoids</subject><subject>Guidelines</subject><subject>Immunomodulation</subject><subject>Indoles</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Lignans</subject><subject>Literature reviews</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Myristicaceae</subject><subject>Natural products</subject><subject>Neurodegenerative diseases</subject><subject>Neuroprotection</subject><subject>Nutmeg</subject><subject>nutmegs</subject><subject>Pain perception</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Phenylpropanoids</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Product safety</subject><subject>Schizophrenia</subject><subject>Scientific papers</subject><subject>Terpenes</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Tropical environments</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><issn>0951-418X</issn><issn>1099-1573</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kV1L5TAQhoOs6PED_AUS8MYLq0nTj8zeHUR3F_xCFLwraTr1VNqmJinam_3txnPUBWGvhhmeeRjmJWSPs2POWHwyeHucM5BrZMYZQMTTXPwgMwYpjxIuHzbJlnNPjDGIWbJBNoUAmUuAGfl7NfoOHx1VfUVfmrai_Wrwk857Og6V8khNT9EvetNh1eimR3dEh8XkjV5g12jVLntlO6VNax6no6XMm9cA-4mamvoF0svJNs4HXKNC6gbUDbodsl6Hfdz9qNvk_vzs7vR3dHH968_p_CLSIgEZ8bJiUmcqy1BorbgQnJep1FCDqMtcp6KWmVBSAILIFZasDFCdMKwEg1qLbXK48g7WPI_ofNE1TmPbqh7N6Io4jSXPswQgoAff0Ccz2j5cF6g8TSAWIv0n1NY4Z7EuBtt0yk4FZ8V7JkXIpHjPJKD7H8KxDB_8Aj9DCEC0AsL_cfqvqLi5u10K3wDpsZd5</recordid><startdate>202109</startdate><enddate>202109</enddate><creator>Barman, Rubi</creator><creator>Bora, Pranjit Kumar</creator><creator>Saikia, Jadumoni</creator><creator>Kemprai, Phirose</creator><creator>Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem</creator><creator>Haldar, Saikat</creator><creator>Banik, Dipanwita</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-6864</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202109</creationdate><title>Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species</title><author>Barman, Rubi ; Bora, Pranjit Kumar ; Saikia, Jadumoni ; Kemprai, Phirose ; Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem ; Haldar, Saikat ; Banik, Dipanwita</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3498-1bd08c6a66e3cca13311b58c9f93fb7c53f863a839e937aeb0ba13f40ed309fc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Alkanes</topic><topic>Alzheimer's disease</topic><topic>Antidiabetics</topic><topic>Antiinfectives and antibacterials</topic><topic>Asthma</topic><topic>Autism</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Cholinesterase</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Cough</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus</topic><topic>Diarrhea</topic><topic>ethnomedicine</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Flavonoids</topic><topic>Guidelines</topic><topic>Immunomodulation</topic><topic>Indoles</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Lignans</topic><topic>Literature reviews</topic><topic>Malaria</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Myristicaceae</topic><topic>Natural products</topic><topic>Neurodegenerative diseases</topic><topic>Neuroprotection</topic><topic>Nutmeg</topic><topic>nutmegs</topic><topic>Pain perception</topic><topic>Pharmacology</topic><topic>Phenylpropanoids</topic><topic>Phytochemicals</topic><topic>Product safety</topic><topic>Schizophrenia</topic><topic>Scientific papers</topic><topic>Terpenes</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Tropical environments</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Barman, Rubi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bora, Pranjit Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikia, Jadumoni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kemprai, Phirose</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haldar, Saikat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Banik, Dipanwita</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Phytotherapy research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Barman, Rubi</au><au>Bora, Pranjit Kumar</au><au>Saikia, Jadumoni</au><au>Kemprai, Phirose</au><au>Saikia, Siddhartha Proteem</au><au>Haldar, Saikat</au><au>Banik, Dipanwita</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species</atitle><jtitle>Phytotherapy research</jtitle><addtitle>Phytother Res</addtitle><date>2021-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>4632</spage><epage>4659</epage><pages>4632-4659</pages><issn>0951-418X</issn><eissn>1099-1573</eissn><abstract>Prized medicinal spice true nutmeg is obtained from Myristica fragrans Houtt. Rest species of the family Myristicaceae are known as wild nutmegs. Nutmegs and wild nutmegs are a rich reservoir of bioactive molecules and used in traditional medicines of Europe, Asia, Africa, America against madness, convulsion, cancer, skin infection, malaria, diarrhea, rheumatism, asthma, cough, cold, as stimulant, tonics, and psychotomimetic agents. Nutmegs are cultivated around the tropics for high‐value commercial spice, used in global cuisine. A thorough literature survey of peer‐reviewed publications, scientific online databases, authentic webpages, and regulatory guidelines found major phytochemicals namely, terpenes, fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkanes, lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, and indole alkaloids. Scientific names, synonyms were verified with www.theplantlist.org. Pharmacological evaluation of extracts and isolated biomarkers showed cholinesterase inhibitory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal activities, and toxicity through in‐vitro, in‐vivo studies. Human clinical trials were very few. Most of the pharmacological studies were not conducted as per current guidelines of natural products to ensure repeatability, safety, and translational use in human therapeutics. Rigorous pharmacological evaluation and randomized double‐blind clinical trials are recommended to analyze the efficacy and therapeutic potential of nutmeg and wild nutmegs in anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, stroke, cancer, and others.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>33987899</pmid><doi>10.1002/ptr.7098</doi><tpages>28</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-6864</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Alkanes Alzheimer's disease Antidiabetics Antiinfectives and antibacterials Asthma Autism Biocompatibility Biomarkers Cholinesterase Clinical trials Cough Diabetes mellitus Diarrhea ethnomedicine Fatty acids Flavonoids Guidelines Immunomodulation Indoles Inflammation Lignans Literature reviews Malaria Mental disorders Myristicaceae Natural products Neurodegenerative diseases Neuroprotection Nutmeg nutmegs Pain perception Pharmacology Phenylpropanoids Phytochemicals Product safety Schizophrenia Scientific papers Terpenes Toxicity Tropical environments Vector-borne diseases |
| title | Nutmegs and wild nutmegs: An update on ethnomedicines, phytochemicals, pharmacology, and toxicity of the Myristicaceae species |
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