Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: Comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment
•Drive time to the closest OBBT was smaller than drive time to the closest OTP.•Compared to urban residents, rural residents spent 2–5 times more time to access OTPs.•Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming had poorest access to OTPs. Disparities in access to medication-assisted trea...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Drug and alcohol dependence 2021-07, Vol.224, p.108727-108727, Article 108727 |
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| creator | Amiri, Solmaz Hirchak, Katherine McDonell, Michael G. Denney, Justin T. Buchwald, Dedra Amram, Ofer |
| description | •Drive time to the closest OBBT was smaller than drive time to the closest OTP.•Compared to urban residents, rural residents spent 2–5 times more time to access OTPs.•Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming had poorest access to OTPs.
Disparities in access to medication-assisted treatment are a major problem. This study estimated and compared drive time to the nearest opioid treatment program (OTP) and office-based buprenorphine treatment (OBBT) across the urban-rural continuum in the U.S.
Drive time was calculated between the longitude and latitude of population weighted block group centroids and the longitude and latitude of the nearest OTP and OBBT. Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were used for defining rurality. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach was used for statistical analysis.
The mean travel time to the nearest OBBT compared to OTP decreased by 7.18 min (95 % CI = 7.23−7.14) in metropolitan cores, 36.63 min (95 % CI = 37.12−36.15) in micropolitan cores, 38.84 min (95 % CI = 39.57−38.10) in small town cores, and 40.16 min (95 % CI = 40.81−39.50) in rural areas. Additionally, travel burden to the nearest OTP would be more than 60 min for 13,526,605 people and more than 90 min for 5,371,852 people. The travel burden to the nearest OBBT would be more than 60 min for 845,991 people and more than 90 min for 149,297 people.
The mean drive time to the closest OBBT was significantly smaller than the mean drive time to the closest OTP. Analysis of barriers to access is necessary to devising creative initiatives to improve access to critical opioid use disorder treatment services. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108727 |
| format | Article |
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Disparities in access to medication-assisted treatment are a major problem. This study estimated and compared drive time to the nearest opioid treatment program (OTP) and office-based buprenorphine treatment (OBBT) across the urban-rural continuum in the U.S.
Drive time was calculated between the longitude and latitude of population weighted block group centroids and the longitude and latitude of the nearest OTP and OBBT. Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were used for defining rurality. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach was used for statistical analysis.
The mean travel time to the nearest OBBT compared to OTP decreased by 7.18 min (95 % CI = 7.23−7.14) in metropolitan cores, 36.63 min (95 % CI = 37.12−36.15) in micropolitan cores, 38.84 min (95 % CI = 39.57−38.10) in small town cores, and 40.16 min (95 % CI = 40.81−39.50) in rural areas. Additionally, travel burden to the nearest OTP would be more than 60 min for 13,526,605 people and more than 90 min for 5,371,852 people. The travel burden to the nearest OBBT would be more than 60 min for 845,991 people and more than 90 min for 149,297 people.
The mean drive time to the closest OBBT was significantly smaller than the mean drive time to the closest OTP. Analysis of barriers to access is necessary to devising creative initiatives to improve access to critical opioid use disorder treatment services.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0376-8716</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0046</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108727</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33962300</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>CLARE: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Access ; Buprenorphine ; Centroids ; Commuting ; Cores ; Drug addiction ; Drugs ; Geographic information systems ; Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation ; Latitude ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Longitude ; Mean ; Medication-assisted treatment ; Narcotics ; Opioids ; Psychiatry ; Rural areas ; Rural communities ; Rurality ; Science & Technology ; Statistical analysis ; Substance Abuse ; Substance use disorder ; Travel ; Travel time ; Treatment programs</subject><ispartof>Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021-07, Vol.224, p.108727-108727, Article 108727</ispartof><rights>2021 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Jul 1, 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>13</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000657477000017</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-816d7295502ffd458be11a2bb6349494332f81073062f5bc2bfdbc7eeda73c153</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-816d7295502ffd458be11a2bb6349494332f81073062f5bc2bfdbc7eeda73c153</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8372-6469</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108727$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,3551,27929,27930,31004,39262,39263,46000</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33962300$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Amiri, Solmaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hirchak, Katherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McDonell, Michael G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Denney, Justin T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buchwald, Dedra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amram, Ofer</creatorcontrib><title>Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: Comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment</title><title>Drug and alcohol dependence</title><addtitle>DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN</addtitle><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><description>•Drive time to the closest OBBT was smaller than drive time to the closest OTP.•Compared to urban residents, rural residents spent 2–5 times more time to access OTPs.•Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming had poorest access to OTPs.
Disparities in access to medication-assisted treatment are a major problem. This study estimated and compared drive time to the nearest opioid treatment program (OTP) and office-based buprenorphine treatment (OBBT) across the urban-rural continuum in the U.S.
Drive time was calculated between the longitude and latitude of population weighted block group centroids and the longitude and latitude of the nearest OTP and OBBT. Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were used for defining rurality. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach was used for statistical analysis.
The mean travel time to the nearest OBBT compared to OTP decreased by 7.18 min (95 % CI = 7.23−7.14) in metropolitan cores, 36.63 min (95 % CI = 37.12−36.15) in micropolitan cores, 38.84 min (95 % CI = 39.57−38.10) in small town cores, and 40.16 min (95 % CI = 40.81−39.50) in rural areas. Additionally, travel burden to the nearest OTP would be more than 60 min for 13,526,605 people and more than 90 min for 5,371,852 people. The travel burden to the nearest OBBT would be more than 60 min for 845,991 people and more than 90 min for 149,297 people.
The mean drive time to the closest OBBT was significantly smaller than the mean drive time to the closest OTP. Analysis of barriers to access is necessary to devising creative initiatives to improve access to critical opioid use disorder treatment services.</description><subject>Access</subject><subject>Buprenorphine</subject><subject>Centroids</subject><subject>Commuting</subject><subject>Cores</subject><subject>Drug addiction</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Geographic information systems</subject><subject>Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation</subject><subject>Latitude</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Longitude</subject><subject>Mean</subject><subject>Medication-assisted treatment</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Opioids</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Rural communities</subject><subject>Rurality</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Substance Abuse</subject><subject>Substance use disorder</subject><subject>Travel</subject><subject>Travel time</subject><subject>Treatment programs</subject><issn>0376-8716</issn><issn>1879-0046</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>GIZIO</sourceid><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkkuL1TAYhosoznH0L0jAjSA95tI2rbuZ4g0GXOisQy5fZ3Jok5qkI_4Y_6upPc4RN9ouCuF533zJ06JABO8JJs3rw96E5UaO2sC8p5iSvNxyyh8UO9LyrsS4ah4WO8x4U7acNGfFkxgPOD9Nhx8XZ4x1DWUY74ofF1pDjCh5NIGxWibrXSljtDGBQSmATBO4hKxD6RbQtbPr-uckE8Q3qPfTLION3iE_ZFrewYiSnWAt9LP19s-OOfibIKeIpDOZH6yGUsmY-9QyB3A-zLfWwSnxtHg0yDHCs-P3vLh-9_ZL_6G8-vT-Y39xVeoK01S2pDGcdnWN6TCYqm4VECKpUg2ruvwyRoeWYM5wQ4daaaoGozQHMJIzTWp2XrzcevOEXxeISUw2ahhH6cAvUdCaVqxhjJCMvvgLPfgluDxdpuqqwrmuy1S7UTr4GAMMYg52kuG7IFisCsVBnBSKVaHYFObo8-MGi8pK7oO_nWXg1QZ8A-WHqC04DffY6rjmFeerbcJPk_wP3dv06wfo_eJSjl5uUchXf2chiGPc2AA6CePtv4_zE5mK1V8</recordid><startdate>20210701</startdate><enddate>20210701</enddate><creator>Amiri, Solmaz</creator><creator>Hirchak, Katherine</creator><creator>McDonell, Michael G.</creator><creator>Denney, Justin T.</creator><creator>Buchwald, Dedra</creator><creator>Amram, Ofer</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>17B</scope><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>DVR</scope><scope>EGQ</scope><scope>GIZIO</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-6469</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210701</creationdate><title>Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: Comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment</title><author>Amiri, Solmaz ; Hirchak, Katherine ; McDonell, Michael G. ; Denney, Justin T. ; Buchwald, Dedra ; Amram, Ofer</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c402t-816d7295502ffd458be11a2bb6349494332f81073062f5bc2bfdbc7eeda73c153</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Access</topic><topic>Buprenorphine</topic><topic>Centroids</topic><topic>Commuting</topic><topic>Cores</topic><topic>Drug addiction</topic><topic>Drugs</topic><topic>Geographic information systems</topic><topic>Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation</topic><topic>Latitude</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Longitude</topic><topic>Mean</topic><topic>Medication-assisted treatment</topic><topic>Narcotics</topic><topic>Opioids</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Rural communities</topic><topic>Rurality</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Substance Abuse</topic><topic>Substance use disorder</topic><topic>Travel</topic><topic>Travel time</topic><topic>Treatment programs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Amiri, Solmaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hirchak, Katherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McDonell, Michael G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Denney, Justin T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buchwald, Dedra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amram, Ofer</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Knowledge</collection><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Social Sciences Citation Index</collection><collection>Web of Science Primary (SCIE, SSCI & AHCI)</collection><collection>Web of Science - Social Sciences Citation Index – 2021</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Amiri, Solmaz</au><au>Hirchak, Katherine</au><au>McDonell, Michael G.</au><au>Denney, Justin T.</au><au>Buchwald, Dedra</au><au>Amram, Ofer</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: Comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment</atitle><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle><stitle>DRUG ALCOHOL DEPEN</stitle><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><date>2021-07-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>224</volume><spage>108727</spage><epage>108727</epage><pages>108727-108727</pages><artnum>108727</artnum><issn>0376-8716</issn><eissn>1879-0046</eissn><abstract>•Drive time to the closest OBBT was smaller than drive time to the closest OTP.•Compared to urban residents, rural residents spent 2–5 times more time to access OTPs.•Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming had poorest access to OTPs.
Disparities in access to medication-assisted treatment are a major problem. This study estimated and compared drive time to the nearest opioid treatment program (OTP) and office-based buprenorphine treatment (OBBT) across the urban-rural continuum in the U.S.
Drive time was calculated between the longitude and latitude of population weighted block group centroids and the longitude and latitude of the nearest OTP and OBBT. Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were used for defining rurality. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation approach was used for statistical analysis.
The mean travel time to the nearest OBBT compared to OTP decreased by 7.18 min (95 % CI = 7.23−7.14) in metropolitan cores, 36.63 min (95 % CI = 37.12−36.15) in micropolitan cores, 38.84 min (95 % CI = 39.57−38.10) in small town cores, and 40.16 min (95 % CI = 40.81−39.50) in rural areas. Additionally, travel burden to the nearest OTP would be more than 60 min for 13,526,605 people and more than 90 min for 5,371,852 people. The travel burden to the nearest OBBT would be more than 60 min for 845,991 people and more than 90 min for 149,297 people.
The mean drive time to the closest OBBT was significantly smaller than the mean drive time to the closest OTP. Analysis of barriers to access is necessary to devising creative initiatives to improve access to critical opioid use disorder treatment services.</abstract><cop>CLARE</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>33962300</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108727</doi><tpages>5</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-6469</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Access Buprenorphine Centroids Commuting Cores Drug addiction Drugs Geographic information systems Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation Latitude Life Sciences & Biomedicine Longitude Mean Medication-assisted treatment Narcotics Opioids Psychiatry Rural areas Rural communities Rurality Science & Technology Statistical analysis Substance Abuse Substance use disorder Travel Travel time Treatment programs |
| title | Access to medication-assisted treatment in the United States: Comparison of travel time to opioid treatment programs and office-based buprenorphine treatment |
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