Dissemination of bla NDM- 1 Gene Among Several Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Types in Mexico Associated With Horizontal Transfer Mediated by IncF-Like Plasmids

Nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) are a major health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe NDM-1-producing strains causing bacteremia in a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico. MDR isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of resistance genes. In resistant isolates, plasmids were identified and conjugation assays were performed. Clonal diversity and the sequence types were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. A total of 80 isolates were collected from patients with bacteremia over a 1-year period. These isolates showed a level of resistance of 59% (47/80) to aztreonam, 56-60% (45-48/80) to cephalosporins, 54% (43/80) to colistin and 12.5% (10/80) to carbapenems. The carbapenem resistant isolates were carriers and negative for , , , and carbapenemases genes. Conjugative plasmids IncFIIA and IncF group with sizes of 82-195 kbp were carriers of , , , and/or . Clonal variability and nine different multilocus sequence types were detected (ST661, ST683, ST1395, ST2706, ST252, ST1198, ST690, ST1535, and ST3368) for the first time in the isolates carrying in Mexico. This study demonstrates that has remained within this hospital in recent years and suggests that it is currently the most prevalent carbapenemase among MDR strains causing bacteremia in Mexico. The horizontal transfer of gene through IncF-like plasmids among different clones demonstrates the dissemination pathway of antimicrobial resistance and underscore the need for strong and urgent joint measures to control the spread of NDM-1 carbapenemase in the hospital.