Outcomes of surgical treatment for carcinoid heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Carcinoid heart disease (CaHD) develops from vasoactive substances released by neuroendocrine tumors, which can cause significant patient morbidity and mortality without surgical intervention. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate granular perioperative details and long-term outcomes in these patients. Electronic search of Ovid, Scopus, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was performed to examine surgical treatment of carcinoid disease. Nine articles comprising 416 patients were selected. Study-level data were extracted and pooled for meta-analysis. Mean patient age was 63 years (95% confidence interval, 57–70) with 53% (95% confidence interval, 46–61) of patients being male. In addition, 75% (95% confidence interval, 54–96) of neuroendocrine tumors originated from the small bowel or colon and 98% (95% confidence interval, 93–100) had liver metastases. Right heart failure was present in 48% (95% confidence interval, 14–81). Moderate or severe regurgitation was present in 97% (95% confidence interval, 95–99) of tricuspid and 72% (95% confidence interval, 58–83) of pulmonary valves. In addition, 99% (95% confidence interval, 98–100) of tricuspid and 59% (95% confidence interval, 38–79) of pulmonary valves were replaced. Bioprosthetic valves were used in 80% (95% confidence interval, 68–93) of tricuspid positions. Mean hospital duration of stay was 16 days (95% confidence interval, 7–25). Thirty-day mortality was 9% (95% confidence interval, 6–12). Mean follow-up was 25 months (95% confidence interval, 11–39). Median survival was 3 years (95% confidence interval, 2.5–3.5). For patients >18 years of age, surgical treatment of carcinoid heart disease can be performed with a reasonable safety profile. However, overall survival appears to have ongoing effects of the primary disease.