Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review
Background Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may develop ICI-associated enterocolitis, for which there is no approved treatment. Aims We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of ICI-associated enteroco...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Digestive diseases and sciences 2022-04, Vol.67 (4), p.1128-1155 |
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| creator | Ma, Christopher MacDonald, John K. Nguyen, Tran M. Vande Casteele, Niels Linggi, Bryan Lefevre, Pavine Wang, Yinghong Feagan, Brian G. Jairath, Vipul |
| description | Background
Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may develop ICI-associated enterocolitis, for which there is no approved treatment.
Aims
We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case–control studies, and case series/reports, evaluating interventions (including corticosteroids, biologics, aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants, and fecal transplantation) for ICI-associated enterocolitis. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic efficacy endpoints were evaluated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were used to assess overall quality of evidence.
Results
A total of 160 studies (
n
= 1514) were included (one RCT, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 156 case reports/case series). Very low quality evidence from one RCT suggests budesonide is not effective for prevention of ICI-associated enterocolitis in ipilimumab-treated patients (relative risk 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.56, 1.56]). Very low quality evidence suggests that corticosteroids, infliximab, and vedolizumab may be effective for treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis by inducing clinical response and remission. No validated indices for measuring disease activity were used. Biologic treatment was used in 42% (641/1528) of patients, as reported in 97 studies. ICIs were discontinued in 65% (457/702) of patients, as reported in 63 studies.
Conclusions
Current treatment recommendations for ICI-associated enterocolitis are based on very low quality evidence, primarily from case reports and case series. Large-scale prospective cohort studies and RCTs are needed to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to minimize interruption or discontinuation of oncological therapies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10620-021-06948-w |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2506289485</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A706398811</galeid><sourcerecordid>A706398811</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-fc05c5bb2148d524aa3c536f0c76432ecfa5ac9fe028b41830963b52afca73873</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kt9uFCEUxonR2G31BbwwJN70Zip_BmbWu82m2k2a2Gi9Jgxz2KXOwApMN30GX1rWXW00xnAB-fh9hwN8CL2i5IIS0rxNlEhGKsJoReS8bqvdEzSjouEVE7J9imaEyrKmVJ6g05TuCCHzhsrn6ITzpiGckxn6frPRcdQmDGHtjB7wymeI9-CzCz5hGyLOG8A3EY4a1r7HtxF0HouAg8WrcZw84OUGzNdtcEVc-Y3rXA6xWqQUjNMZeny5LxzKQS679A4v8OeHlGHU2Rn8Ce4d7F6gZ1YPCV4e5zP05f3l7fKquv74YbVcXFemrlmurCHCiK5jtG57wWqtuRFcWmIaWXMGxmqhzdwCYW1X05aTueSdYNoa3fC24Wfo_FB3G8O3CVJWo0sGhkF7CFNSTJR3bcuDioK--Qu9C1P0pTvFZC35vCaUP1JrPYBy3oYctdkXVYuGFKptKS3UxT-oMnoYnQkerCv6HwZ2MJgYUopg1Ta6UccHRYnaJ0AdEqBKAtTPBKhdMb0-djx1I_S_Lb--vAD8AKSy5dcQH6_0n7I_AMnZvOg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2646394013</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Ma, Christopher ; MacDonald, John K. ; Nguyen, Tran M. ; Vande Casteele, Niels ; Linggi, Bryan ; Lefevre, Pavine ; Wang, Yinghong ; Feagan, Brian G. ; Jairath, Vipul</creator><creatorcontrib>Ma, Christopher ; MacDonald, John K. ; Nguyen, Tran M. ; Vande Casteele, Niels ; Linggi, Bryan ; Lefevre, Pavine ; Wang, Yinghong ; Feagan, Brian G. ; Jairath, Vipul</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may develop ICI-associated enterocolitis, for which there is no approved treatment.
Aims
We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case–control studies, and case series/reports, evaluating interventions (including corticosteroids, biologics, aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants, and fecal transplantation) for ICI-associated enterocolitis. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic efficacy endpoints were evaluated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were used to assess overall quality of evidence.
Results
A total of 160 studies (
n
= 1514) were included (one RCT, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 156 case reports/case series). Very low quality evidence from one RCT suggests budesonide is not effective for prevention of ICI-associated enterocolitis in ipilimumab-treated patients (relative risk 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.56, 1.56]). Very low quality evidence suggests that corticosteroids, infliximab, and vedolizumab may be effective for treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis by inducing clinical response and remission. No validated indices for measuring disease activity were used. Biologic treatment was used in 42% (641/1528) of patients, as reported in 97 studies. ICIs were discontinued in 65% (457/702) of patients, as reported in 63 studies.
Conclusions
Current treatment recommendations for ICI-associated enterocolitis are based on very low quality evidence, primarily from case reports and case series. Large-scale prospective cohort studies and RCTs are needed to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to minimize interruption or discontinuation of oncological therapies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0163-2116</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2568</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06948-w</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33770330</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Apoptosis ; Bias ; Biochemistry ; Cancer therapies ; Care and treatment ; Cell death ; Confidence intervals ; Cytotoxicity ; Disease prevention ; Endoscopy ; Enterocolitis ; Enterocolitis - chemically induced ; Enterocolitis - diagnosis ; Enterocolitis - prevention & control ; Feces ; Gastroenterology ; Health aspects ; Hepatology ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - adverse effects ; Immunosuppressive agents ; Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use ; Immunotherapy ; Inflammatory bowel disease ; Infliximab - therapeutic use ; Intervention ; Ipilimumab ; Lymphocytes ; Medical colleges ; Medical prognosis ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Medicine, Experimental ; Oncology ; Prevention ; Proteins ; Quality of life ; Remission (Medicine) ; Review ; Steroids ; Systematic review ; Transplant Surgery</subject><ispartof>Digestive diseases and sciences, 2022-04, Vol.67 (4), p.1128-1155</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021</rights><rights>2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Springer</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-fc05c5bb2148d524aa3c536f0c76432ecfa5ac9fe028b41830963b52afca73873</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-fc05c5bb2148d524aa3c536f0c76432ecfa5ac9fe028b41830963b52afca73873</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4698-9948</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10620-021-06948-w$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10620-021-06948-w$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27922,27923,41486,42555,51317</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33770330$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ma, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacDonald, John K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Tran M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vande Casteele, Niels</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Linggi, Bryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lefevre, Pavine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yinghong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feagan, Brian G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jairath, Vipul</creatorcontrib><title>Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review</title><title>Digestive diseases and sciences</title><addtitle>Dig Dis Sci</addtitle><addtitle>Dig Dis Sci</addtitle><description>Background
Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may develop ICI-associated enterocolitis, for which there is no approved treatment.
Aims
We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case–control studies, and case series/reports, evaluating interventions (including corticosteroids, biologics, aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants, and fecal transplantation) for ICI-associated enterocolitis. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic efficacy endpoints were evaluated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were used to assess overall quality of evidence.
Results
A total of 160 studies (
n
= 1514) were included (one RCT, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 156 case reports/case series). Very low quality evidence from one RCT suggests budesonide is not effective for prevention of ICI-associated enterocolitis in ipilimumab-treated patients (relative risk 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.56, 1.56]). Very low quality evidence suggests that corticosteroids, infliximab, and vedolizumab may be effective for treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis by inducing clinical response and remission. No validated indices for measuring disease activity were used. Biologic treatment was used in 42% (641/1528) of patients, as reported in 97 studies. ICIs were discontinued in 65% (457/702) of patients, as reported in 63 studies.
Conclusions
Current treatment recommendations for ICI-associated enterocolitis are based on very low quality evidence, primarily from case reports and case series. Large-scale prospective cohort studies and RCTs are needed to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to minimize interruption or discontinuation of oncological therapies.</description><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Cancer therapies</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cell death</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Endoscopy</subject><subject>Enterocolitis</subject><subject>Enterocolitis - chemically induced</subject><subject>Enterocolitis - diagnosis</subject><subject>Enterocolitis - prevention & control</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Gastroenterology</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hepatology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - adverse effects</subject><subject>Immunosuppressive agents</subject><subject>Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Immunotherapy</subject><subject>Inflammatory bowel disease</subject><subject>Infliximab - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Ipilimumab</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Medical colleges</subject><subject>Medical prognosis</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Medicine, Experimental</subject><subject>Oncology</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Quality of life</subject><subject>Remission (Medicine)</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Steroids</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Transplant Surgery</subject><issn>0163-2116</issn><issn>1573-2568</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kt9uFCEUxonR2G31BbwwJN70Zip_BmbWu82m2k2a2Gi9Jgxz2KXOwApMN30GX1rWXW00xnAB-fh9hwN8CL2i5IIS0rxNlEhGKsJoReS8bqvdEzSjouEVE7J9imaEyrKmVJ6g05TuCCHzhsrn6ITzpiGckxn6frPRcdQmDGHtjB7wymeI9-CzCz5hGyLOG8A3EY4a1r7HtxF0HouAg8WrcZw84OUGzNdtcEVc-Y3rXA6xWqQUjNMZeny5LxzKQS679A4v8OeHlGHU2Rn8Ce4d7F6gZ1YPCV4e5zP05f3l7fKquv74YbVcXFemrlmurCHCiK5jtG57wWqtuRFcWmIaWXMGxmqhzdwCYW1X05aTueSdYNoa3fC24Wfo_FB3G8O3CVJWo0sGhkF7CFNSTJR3bcuDioK--Qu9C1P0pTvFZC35vCaUP1JrPYBy3oYctdkXVYuGFKptKS3UxT-oMnoYnQkerCv6HwZ2MJgYUopg1Ta6UccHRYnaJ0AdEqBKAtTPBKhdMb0-djx1I_S_Lb--vAD8AKSy5dcQH6_0n7I_AMnZvOg</recordid><startdate>20220401</startdate><enddate>20220401</enddate><creator>Ma, Christopher</creator><creator>MacDonald, John K.</creator><creator>Nguyen, Tran M.</creator><creator>Vande Casteele, Niels</creator><creator>Linggi, Bryan</creator><creator>Lefevre, Pavine</creator><creator>Wang, Yinghong</creator><creator>Feagan, Brian G.</creator><creator>Jairath, Vipul</creator><general>Springer US</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-9948</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220401</creationdate><title>Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review</title><author>Ma, Christopher ; MacDonald, John K. ; Nguyen, Tran M. ; Vande Casteele, Niels ; Linggi, Bryan ; Lefevre, Pavine ; Wang, Yinghong ; Feagan, Brian G. ; Jairath, Vipul</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c442t-fc05c5bb2148d524aa3c536f0c76432ecfa5ac9fe028b41830963b52afca73873</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Bias</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Cancer therapies</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cell death</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Endoscopy</topic><topic>Enterocolitis</topic><topic>Enterocolitis - chemically induced</topic><topic>Enterocolitis - diagnosis</topic><topic>Enterocolitis - prevention & control</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Gastroenterology</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hepatology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - adverse effects</topic><topic>Immunosuppressive agents</topic><topic>Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Immunotherapy</topic><topic>Inflammatory bowel disease</topic><topic>Infliximab - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Ipilimumab</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Medical colleges</topic><topic>Medical prognosis</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Medicine, Experimental</topic><topic>Oncology</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Quality of life</topic><topic>Remission (Medicine)</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Steroids</topic><topic>Systematic review</topic><topic>Transplant Surgery</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ma, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacDonald, John K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Tran M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vande Casteele, Niels</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Linggi, Bryan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lefevre, Pavine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yinghong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feagan, Brian G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jairath, Vipul</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Digestive diseases and sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ma, Christopher</au><au>MacDonald, John K.</au><au>Nguyen, Tran M.</au><au>Vande Casteele, Niels</au><au>Linggi, Bryan</au><au>Lefevre, Pavine</au><au>Wang, Yinghong</au><au>Feagan, Brian G.</au><au>Jairath, Vipul</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review</atitle><jtitle>Digestive diseases and sciences</jtitle><stitle>Dig Dis Sci</stitle><addtitle>Dig Dis Sci</addtitle><date>2022-04-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>67</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1128</spage><epage>1155</epage><pages>1128-1155</pages><issn>0163-2116</issn><eissn>1573-2568</eissn><abstract>Background
Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may develop ICI-associated enterocolitis, for which there is no approved treatment.
Aims
We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of medical interventions for the prevention and treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis.
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case–control studies, and case series/reports, evaluating interventions (including corticosteroids, biologics, aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants, and fecal transplantation) for ICI-associated enterocolitis. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic efficacy endpoints were evaluated. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria were used to assess overall quality of evidence.
Results
A total of 160 studies (
n
= 1514) were included (one RCT, 3 retrospective cohort studies, 156 case reports/case series). Very low quality evidence from one RCT suggests budesonide is not effective for prevention of ICI-associated enterocolitis in ipilimumab-treated patients (relative risk 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.56, 1.56]). Very low quality evidence suggests that corticosteroids, infliximab, and vedolizumab may be effective for treatment of ICI-associated enterocolitis by inducing clinical response and remission. No validated indices for measuring disease activity were used. Biologic treatment was used in 42% (641/1528) of patients, as reported in 97 studies. ICIs were discontinued in 65% (457/702) of patients, as reported in 63 studies.
Conclusions
Current treatment recommendations for ICI-associated enterocolitis are based on very low quality evidence, primarily from case reports and case series. Large-scale prospective cohort studies and RCTs are needed to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to minimize interruption or discontinuation of oncological therapies.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>33770330</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10620-021-06948-w</doi><tpages>28</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-9948</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Digestive diseases and sciences, 2022-04, Vol.67 (4), p.1128-1155 |
| issn | 0163-2116 1573-2568 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Apoptosis Bias Biochemistry Cancer therapies Care and treatment Cell death Confidence intervals Cytotoxicity Disease prevention Endoscopy Enterocolitis Enterocolitis - chemically induced Enterocolitis - diagnosis Enterocolitis - prevention & control Feces Gastroenterology Health aspects Hepatology Humans Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - adverse effects Immunosuppressive agents Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use Immunotherapy Inflammatory bowel disease Infliximab - therapeutic use Intervention Ipilimumab Lymphocytes Medical colleges Medical prognosis Medical research Medicine Medicine & Public Health Medicine, Experimental Oncology Prevention Proteins Quality of life Remission (Medicine) Review Steroids Systematic review Transplant Surgery |
| title | Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review |
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