The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics
Scope Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl‐deficient diet (...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Molecular nutrition & food research 2021-05, Vol.65 (9), p.e2100078-n/a |
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| creator | Tillmann, Sandra Awwad, Hussain M. MacPherson, Chad W. Happ, Denise F. Treccani, Giulia Geisel, Juergen Tompkins, Thomas A. Ueland, Per Magne Wegener, Gregers Obeid, Rima |
| description | Scope
Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects.
Methods and Results
Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured.
Results
MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3‐hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/mnfr.202100078 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2499389022</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2499389022</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4087-3fa8d62950b6a04c6c254741295493cff5f0e05d599733b7e246dfe63fc58e5c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkc9OGzEQxq0K1ADttUdkiUsvCV7_2_UxCg2NgBZVcLa83nFitPEGe7fR3voIPCNP0kUJOfTS08xIv-_TzHwIfcnIJCOEXq6DixNK6DCQvPiATjKZsTHPGDs69FSM0GlKT4SwjHL2EY0Yk4XMC3mC3MMK8E0fugjBB8D3pl1tTY8XCT9uIiy72rRQ4bLHd9Cu-vr1z0sFzlsPocVXHlpsQoVnKxOWkPA0Ap7-hriX3Mem9E3rbfqEjp2pE3ze1zP0OP_2MPs-vv15vZhNb8eWkyIfM2eKSlIlSCkN4VZaKng-XKAEV8w6JxwBIiqhVM5YmQPlsnIgmbOiAGHZGfq6893E5rmD1Oq1Txbq2gRouqQpV4oVilA6oBf_oE9NF8OwnaaCcsKVFGKgJjvKxialCE5vol-b2OuM6LcE9FsC-pDAIDjf23blGqoD_v7yAeA7YOtr6P9jp-9-zH8xJXL2F0vpkYA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2524049655</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics</title><source>Wiley Online Library All Journals</source><creator>Tillmann, Sandra ; Awwad, Hussain M. ; MacPherson, Chad W. ; Happ, Denise F. ; Treccani, Giulia ; Geisel, Juergen ; Tompkins, Thomas A. ; Ueland, Per Magne ; Wegener, Gregers ; Obeid, Rima</creator><creatorcontrib>Tillmann, Sandra ; Awwad, Hussain M. ; MacPherson, Chad W. ; Happ, Denise F. ; Treccani, Giulia ; Geisel, Juergen ; Tompkins, Thomas A. ; Ueland, Per Magne ; Wegener, Gregers ; Obeid, Rima</creatorcontrib><description>Scope
Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects.
Methods and Results
Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured.
Results
MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3‐hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p < 0.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers.
Conclusions
Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.
A methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) causes higher serotonin and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway and is associated with weight reduction in the young animals. Intervention with probiotics (L. helveticus and B. longum) lowers plasma kynurenine metabolites. Intervention with choline causes slight downregulation of the kynurenine upstream metabolites. Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD and specifically downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1613-4125</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1613-4133</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100078</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33686786</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Germany: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Acids ; Animals ; Anthranilic acid ; Cecum ; Choline ; Cytokines ; Diet ; Downstream effects ; Immunomodulation ; Inflammation ; Kynurenic acid ; kynurenine ; Markers ; Metabolism ; Metabolites ; Methylation ; methyl‐deficient diet ; Nicotinamide ; Nicotinic acid ; Nutrient deficiency ; Nutrients ; Picolinic acid ; Probiotics ; Quinolinic acid ; Tryptophan ; Xanthurenic acid</subject><ispartof>Molecular nutrition & food research, 2021-05, Vol.65 (9), p.e2100078-n/a</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH</rights><rights>2021 The Authors. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.</rights><rights>2021. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4087-3fa8d62950b6a04c6c254741295493cff5f0e05d599733b7e246dfe63fc58e5c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4087-3fa8d62950b6a04c6c254741295493cff5f0e05d599733b7e246dfe63fc58e5c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0064-7029</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fmnfr.202100078$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fmnfr.202100078$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1416,27923,27924,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33686786$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tillmann, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awwad, Hussain M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacPherson, Chad W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Happ, Denise F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Treccani, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Geisel, Juergen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tompkins, Thomas A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ueland, Per Magne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wegener, Gregers</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Obeid, Rima</creatorcontrib><title>The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics</title><title>Molecular nutrition & food research</title><addtitle>Mol Nutr Food Res</addtitle><description>Scope
Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects.
Methods and Results
Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured.
Results
MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3‐hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p < 0.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers.
Conclusions
Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.
A methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) causes higher serotonin and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway and is associated with weight reduction in the young animals. Intervention with probiotics (L. helveticus and B. longum) lowers plasma kynurenine metabolites. Intervention with choline causes slight downregulation of the kynurenine upstream metabolites. Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD and specifically downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthranilic acid</subject><subject>Cecum</subject><subject>Choline</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Downstream effects</subject><subject>Immunomodulation</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Kynurenic acid</subject><subject>kynurenine</subject><subject>Markers</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolites</subject><subject>Methylation</subject><subject>methyl‐deficient diet</subject><subject>Nicotinamide</subject><subject>Nicotinic acid</subject><subject>Nutrient deficiency</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Picolinic acid</subject><subject>Probiotics</subject><subject>Quinolinic acid</subject><subject>Tryptophan</subject><subject>Xanthurenic acid</subject><issn>1613-4125</issn><issn>1613-4133</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc9OGzEQxq0K1ADttUdkiUsvCV7_2_UxCg2NgBZVcLa83nFitPEGe7fR3voIPCNP0kUJOfTS08xIv-_TzHwIfcnIJCOEXq6DixNK6DCQvPiATjKZsTHPGDs69FSM0GlKT4SwjHL2EY0Yk4XMC3mC3MMK8E0fugjBB8D3pl1tTY8XCT9uIiy72rRQ4bLHd9Cu-vr1z0sFzlsPocVXHlpsQoVnKxOWkPA0Ap7-hriX3Mem9E3rbfqEjp2pE3ze1zP0OP_2MPs-vv15vZhNb8eWkyIfM2eKSlIlSCkN4VZaKng-XKAEV8w6JxwBIiqhVM5YmQPlsnIgmbOiAGHZGfq6893E5rmD1Oq1Txbq2gRouqQpV4oVilA6oBf_oE9NF8OwnaaCcsKVFGKgJjvKxialCE5vol-b2OuM6LcE9FsC-pDAIDjf23blGqoD_v7yAeA7YOtr6P9jp-9-zH8xJXL2F0vpkYA</recordid><startdate>202105</startdate><enddate>202105</enddate><creator>Tillmann, Sandra</creator><creator>Awwad, Hussain M.</creator><creator>MacPherson, Chad W.</creator><creator>Happ, Denise F.</creator><creator>Treccani, Giulia</creator><creator>Geisel, Juergen</creator><creator>Tompkins, Thomas A.</creator><creator>Ueland, Per Magne</creator><creator>Wegener, Gregers</creator><creator>Obeid, Rima</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-7029</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202105</creationdate><title>The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics</title><author>Tillmann, Sandra ; Awwad, Hussain M. ; MacPherson, Chad W. ; Happ, Denise F. ; Treccani, Giulia ; Geisel, Juergen ; Tompkins, Thomas A. ; Ueland, Per Magne ; Wegener, Gregers ; Obeid, Rima</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4087-3fa8d62950b6a04c6c254741295493cff5f0e05d599733b7e246dfe63fc58e5c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anthranilic acid</topic><topic>Cecum</topic><topic>Choline</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Downstream effects</topic><topic>Immunomodulation</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Kynurenic acid</topic><topic>kynurenine</topic><topic>Markers</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metabolites</topic><topic>Methylation</topic><topic>methyl‐deficient diet</topic><topic>Nicotinamide</topic><topic>Nicotinic acid</topic><topic>Nutrient deficiency</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Picolinic acid</topic><topic>Probiotics</topic><topic>Quinolinic acid</topic><topic>Tryptophan</topic><topic>Xanthurenic acid</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Tillmann, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Awwad, Hussain M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacPherson, Chad W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Happ, Denise F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Treccani, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Geisel, Juergen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tompkins, Thomas A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ueland, Per Magne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wegener, Gregers</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Obeid, Rima</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tillmann, Sandra</au><au>Awwad, Hussain M.</au><au>MacPherson, Chad W.</au><au>Happ, Denise F.</au><au>Treccani, Giulia</au><au>Geisel, Juergen</au><au>Tompkins, Thomas A.</au><au>Ueland, Per Magne</au><au>Wegener, Gregers</au><au>Obeid, Rima</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics</atitle><jtitle>Molecular nutrition & food research</jtitle><addtitle>Mol Nutr Food Res</addtitle><date>2021-05</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>65</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e2100078</spage><epage>n/a</epage><pages>e2100078-n/a</pages><issn>1613-4125</issn><eissn>1613-4133</eissn><abstract>Scope
Probiotics exert immunomodulatory effects and may influence tryptophan metabolism in the host. Deficiency of nutrients related to C1 metabolism might stimulate inflammation by enhancing the kynurenine pathway. This study used Sprague Dawley rats to investigate whether a methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) may influence tryptophan/kynurenine pathways and cytokines and whether probiotics can mitigate these effects.
Methods and Results
Rats are fed a control or MDD diet. Animals on the MDD diet received vehicle, probiotics (L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175), choline, or probiotics + choline for 10 weeks (n = 10 per group). Concentrations of plasma kynurenine metabolites and the methylation and inflammatory markers in plasma and liver are measured.
Results
MDD animals (vs controls) show upregulation of plasma kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3‐hydroxyxanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide (all p < 0.05). In the MDD rats, the probiotics (vs vehicle) cause lower anthranilic acid and a trend towards lower kynurenic acid and picolinic acid. Compared to probiotics alone, probiotics + choline is associated with a reduced enrichment of the bacterial strains in cecum. The interventions have no effect on inflammatory markers.
Conclusions
Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD diet and downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.
A methyl‐deficient diet (MDD) causes higher serotonin and upregulation of the kynurenine pathway and is associated with weight reduction in the young animals. Intervention with probiotics (L. helveticus and B. longum) lowers plasma kynurenine metabolites. Intervention with choline causes slight downregulation of the kynurenine upstream metabolites. Probiotics counterbalance the effect of MDD and specifically downregulate downstream metabolites of the kynurenine pathway.</abstract><cop>Germany</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>33686786</pmid><doi>10.1002/mnfr.202100078</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-7029</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acids Animals Anthranilic acid Cecum Choline Cytokines Diet Downstream effects Immunomodulation Inflammation Kynurenic acid kynurenine Markers Metabolism Metabolites Methylation methyl‐deficient diet Nicotinamide Nicotinic acid Nutrient deficiency Nutrients Picolinic acid Probiotics Quinolinic acid Tryptophan Xanthurenic acid |
| title | The Kynurenine Pathway Is Upregulated by Methyl‐deficient Diet and Changes Are Averted by Probiotics |
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