Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019
Introduction This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019. Methods Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Drug and alcohol review 2021-09, Vol.40 (6), p.946-956 |
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| creator | Man, Nicola Chrzanowska, Agata Price, Olivia Bruno, Raimondo Dietze, Paul M. Sisson, Scott A. Degenhardt, Louisa Salom, Caroline Morris, Leith Farrell, Michael Peacock, Amy |
| description | Introduction
This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019.
Methods
Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment episodes. Bayesian autoregressive time‐series analyses were conducted to estimate trend over time: Model 1, no change; Model 2, constant rate of change; and Model 3, change over time differing in rate after one change point.
Results
Past‐year population prevalence of use increased over time. The percentage reporting recent use in sentinel samples increased by 6.1% (95% credible interval [CrI95%] 1.2%,16.9%; Model 3) per year from around 2017 (48%) until the end of the series (2019: 67%). There was a constant annual increase in number of seizures (count ratio: 1.1, CrI95% 1.1,1.2) and arrests (1.2, CrI95% 1.1,1.2), and percentage reporting cocaine as easy to obtain in the sentinel samples (percent increase 1.2%, CrI95% 0.5%,1.8%; Model 2). Cocaine‐related hospitalisation rate increased from 5.1 to 15.6 per 100 000 people from around 2011–2012 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 1.3 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 0.8,1.8; Model 3). While the death rate was low (0.23 cocaine‐related deaths per 100 000 people in 2018; Model 2), treatment episodes increased from 3.2 to 5.9 per 100 000 people from around 2016–2017 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 2.9 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 1.6,3.7; Model 3).
Discussion and Conclusions
Cocaine use, availability and harm have increased, concentrated in recent years, and accompanied by increased treatment engagement. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/dar.13252 |
| format | Article |
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This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019.
Methods
Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment episodes. Bayesian autoregressive time‐series analyses were conducted to estimate trend over time: Model 1, no change; Model 2, constant rate of change; and Model 3, change over time differing in rate after one change point.
Results
Past‐year population prevalence of use increased over time. The percentage reporting recent use in sentinel samples increased by 6.1% (95% credible interval [CrI95%] 1.2%,16.9%; Model 3) per year from around 2017 (48%) until the end of the series (2019: 67%). There was a constant annual increase in number of seizures (count ratio: 1.1, CrI95% 1.1,1.2) and arrests (1.2, CrI95% 1.1,1.2), and percentage reporting cocaine as easy to obtain in the sentinel samples (percent increase 1.2%, CrI95% 0.5%,1.8%; Model 2). Cocaine‐related hospitalisation rate increased from 5.1 to 15.6 per 100 000 people from around 2011–2012 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 1.3 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 0.8,1.8; Model 3). While the death rate was low (0.23 cocaine‐related deaths per 100 000 people in 2018; Model 2), treatment episodes increased from 3.2 to 5.9 per 100 000 people from around 2016–2017 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 2.9 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 1.6,3.7; Model 3).
Discussion and Conclusions
Cocaine use, availability and harm have increased, concentrated in recent years, and accompanied by increased treatment engagement.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0959-5236</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1465-3362</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/dar.13252</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33626201</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Melbourne: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd</publisher><subject>Arrests ; Australia - epidemiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Bayesian analysis ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Cocaine ; Cocaine - adverse effects ; Cocaine-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Convulsions & seizures ; dependence ; epidemiology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; injecting drug use ; Markets ; Polls & surveys ; stimulant ; Stimulants</subject><ispartof>Drug and alcohol review, 2021-09, Vol.40 (6), p.946-956</ispartof><rights>2021 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs</rights><rights>2021 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.</rights><rights>2021 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs (APSAD)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3532-a162088a5cfe2f534e9eff587cb44ef14583a4e6bb3a68255b936951e044b8133</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3532-a162088a5cfe2f534e9eff587cb44ef14583a4e6bb3a68255b936951e044b8133</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2259-735X ; 0000-0002-5705-2026 ; 0000-0002-8513-2218 ; 0000-0001-7008-8130 ; 0000-0002-1811-7851 ; 0000-0001-7871-6234 ; 0000-0002-1163-1209 ; 0000-0003-2224-9301 ; 0000-0001-6673-833X ; 0000-0001-8943-067X ; 0000-0002-8986-9735</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fdar.13252$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fdar.13252$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,30976,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33626201$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Man, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chrzanowska, Agata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Price, Olivia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bruno, Raimondo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dietze, Paul M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sisson, Scott A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Degenhardt, Louisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salom, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morris, Leith</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farrell, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peacock, Amy</creatorcontrib><title>Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019</title><title>Drug and alcohol review</title><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Rev</addtitle><description>Introduction
This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019.
Methods
Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment episodes. Bayesian autoregressive time‐series analyses were conducted to estimate trend over time: Model 1, no change; Model 2, constant rate of change; and Model 3, change over time differing in rate after one change point.
Results
Past‐year population prevalence of use increased over time. The percentage reporting recent use in sentinel samples increased by 6.1% (95% credible interval [CrI95%] 1.2%,16.9%; Model 3) per year from around 2017 (48%) until the end of the series (2019: 67%). There was a constant annual increase in number of seizures (count ratio: 1.1, CrI95% 1.1,1.2) and arrests (1.2, CrI95% 1.1,1.2), and percentage reporting cocaine as easy to obtain in the sentinel samples (percent increase 1.2%, CrI95% 0.5%,1.8%; Model 2). Cocaine‐related hospitalisation rate increased from 5.1 to 15.6 per 100 000 people from around 2011–2012 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 1.3 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 0.8,1.8; Model 3). While the death rate was low (0.23 cocaine‐related deaths per 100 000 people in 2018; Model 2), treatment episodes increased from 3.2 to 5.9 per 100 000 people from around 2016–2017 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 2.9 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 1.6,3.7; Model 3).
Discussion and Conclusions
Cocaine use, availability and harm have increased, concentrated in recent years, and accompanied by increased treatment engagement.</description><subject>Arrests</subject><subject>Australia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Bayes Theorem</subject><subject>Bayesian analysis</subject><subject>Central Nervous System Stimulants</subject><subject>Cocaine</subject><subject>Cocaine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Cocaine-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Convulsions & seizures</subject><subject>dependence</subject><subject>epidemiology</subject><subject>Hospitalization</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>injecting drug use</subject><subject>Markets</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>stimulant</subject><subject>Stimulants</subject><issn>0959-5236</issn><issn>1465-3362</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kM1Kw0AQxxdRbK0efAEJeFFo2v1u9hjrJxQEqedlk0wwNR91t0F68x18Q5_EbVM9CM5lDvPjNzN_hE4JHhFf48zYEWFU0D3UJ1yKkDFJ91EfK6FCQZnsoSPnFhhjKgQ9RL3NXFJM-uhqbqHOXFDUQdqkpqghaB0Mg8rYV1i5wNRZ8GJstSXi1q2sKQszDCjG7Ovj0zvUMTrITengZNcH6Pn2Zj69D2ePdw_TeBamTDAaGuI3RpERaQ40F4yDgjwX0SRNOIeccBExw0EmCTMy8ocmikklCGDOk4gwNkAXnXdpm7cW3EpXhUuhLE0NTes05YpxISMsPHr-B100ra39dZoKOVFEMUI9ddlRqW2cs5DrpS3842tNsN4Eq32wehusZ892xjapIPslf5L0wLgD3osS1v-b9HX81Cm_AVh6fhE</recordid><startdate>202109</startdate><enddate>202109</enddate><creator>Man, Nicola</creator><creator>Chrzanowska, Agata</creator><creator>Price, Olivia</creator><creator>Bruno, Raimondo</creator><creator>Dietze, Paul M.</creator><creator>Sisson, Scott A.</creator><creator>Degenhardt, Louisa</creator><creator>Salom, Caroline</creator><creator>Morris, Leith</creator><creator>Farrell, Michael</creator><creator>Peacock, Amy</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-735X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2026</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-2218</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-8130</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-7851</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-6234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-1209</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2224-9301</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-833X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-067X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-9735</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202109</creationdate><title>Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019</title><author>Man, Nicola ; Chrzanowska, Agata ; Price, Olivia ; Bruno, Raimondo ; Dietze, Paul M. ; Sisson, Scott A. ; Degenhardt, Louisa ; Salom, Caroline ; Morris, Leith ; Farrell, Michael ; Peacock, Amy</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3532-a162088a5cfe2f534e9eff587cb44ef14583a4e6bb3a68255b936951e044b8133</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Arrests</topic><topic>Australia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Bayes Theorem</topic><topic>Bayesian analysis</topic><topic>Central Nervous System Stimulants</topic><topic>Cocaine</topic><topic>Cocaine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Cocaine-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Convulsions & seizures</topic><topic>dependence</topic><topic>epidemiology</topic><topic>Hospitalization</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>injecting drug use</topic><topic>Markets</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>stimulant</topic><topic>Stimulants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Man, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chrzanowska, Agata</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Price, Olivia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bruno, Raimondo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dietze, Paul M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sisson, Scott A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Degenhardt, Louisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salom, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morris, Leith</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farrell, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peacock, Amy</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Drug and alcohol review</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Man, Nicola</au><au>Chrzanowska, Agata</au><au>Price, Olivia</au><au>Bruno, Raimondo</au><au>Dietze, Paul M.</au><au>Sisson, Scott A.</au><au>Degenhardt, Louisa</au><au>Salom, Caroline</au><au>Morris, Leith</au><au>Farrell, Michael</au><au>Peacock, Amy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019</atitle><jtitle>Drug and alcohol review</jtitle><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Rev</addtitle><date>2021-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>946</spage><epage>956</epage><pages>946-956</pages><issn>0959-5236</issn><eissn>1465-3362</eissn><abstract>Introduction
This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019.
Methods
Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine‐related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment episodes. Bayesian autoregressive time‐series analyses were conducted to estimate trend over time: Model 1, no change; Model 2, constant rate of change; and Model 3, change over time differing in rate after one change point.
Results
Past‐year population prevalence of use increased over time. The percentage reporting recent use in sentinel samples increased by 6.1% (95% credible interval [CrI95%] 1.2%,16.9%; Model 3) per year from around 2017 (48%) until the end of the series (2019: 67%). There was a constant annual increase in number of seizures (count ratio: 1.1, CrI95% 1.1,1.2) and arrests (1.2, CrI95% 1.1,1.2), and percentage reporting cocaine as easy to obtain in the sentinel samples (percent increase 1.2%, CrI95% 0.5%,1.8%; Model 2). Cocaine‐related hospitalisation rate increased from 5.1 to 15.6 per 100 000 people from around 2011–2012 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 1.3 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 0.8,1.8; Model 3). While the death rate was low (0.23 cocaine‐related deaths per 100 000 people in 2018; Model 2), treatment episodes increased from 3.2 to 5.9 per 100 000 people from around 2016–2017 to 2017–2018: an annual increase of 2.9 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 1.6,3.7; Model 3).
Discussion and Conclusions
Cocaine use, availability and harm have increased, concentrated in recent years, and accompanied by increased treatment engagement.</abstract><cop>Melbourne</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd</pub><pmid>33626201</pmid><doi>10.1111/dar.13252</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2259-735X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2026</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-2218</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7008-8130</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-7851</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7871-6234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1163-1209</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2224-9301</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-833X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-067X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-9735</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Arrests Australia - epidemiology Bayes Theorem Bayesian analysis Central Nervous System Stimulants Cocaine Cocaine - adverse effects Cocaine-Related Disorders - epidemiology Convulsions & seizures dependence epidemiology Hospitalization Humans injecting drug use Markets Polls & surveys stimulant Stimulants |
| title | Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019 |
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