Exosomal microRNAs in the development of essential hypertension and its potential as biomarkers
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their abi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2021-04, Vol.320 (4), p.H1486-H1497 |
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| container_title | American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology |
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| creator | Tan, Paulina Pei Suu Hall, Deborah Chilian, William M Chia, Yook Chin Mohd Zain, Shamsul Lim, Hooi Min Kumar, Devaraj Navin Ching, Siew Mooi Low, Teck Yew Md Noh, Mohd Fairulnizal Pung, Yuh-Fen |
| description | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. In this paper, we first review the mechanisms of miRNA loading into exosomes, followed by the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the development of hypertension, and the potentials of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in comparison with other free circulating miRNAs. Finally, challenges and future research surrounding exosomal miRNAs will also be discussed. This review will aid in the understanding of noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hypertension and for probing therapeutic efficacy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2020 |
| format | Article |
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These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. In this paper, we first review the mechanisms of miRNA loading into exosomes, followed by the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the development of hypertension, and the potentials of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in comparison with other free circulating miRNAs. Finally, challenges and future research surrounding exosomal miRNAs will also be discussed. This review will aid in the understanding of noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hypertension and for probing therapeutic efficacy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0363-6135</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1522-1539</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2020</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33577433</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Physiological Society</publisher><subject>Animals ; Biomarkers ; Biomarkers - metabolism ; Blood Pressure ; Body fluids ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Essential Hypertension - genetics ; Essential Hypertension - metabolism ; Essential Hypertension - physiopathology ; Exosomes ; Exosomes - genetics ; Exosomes - metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism ; Lipids ; Microenvironments ; MicroRNAs ; MicroRNAs - genetics ; MicroRNAs - metabolism ; miRNA ; Oxidative Stress ; Post-transcription ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Signal Transduction</subject><ispartof>American journal of physiology. 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Heart and circulatory physiology</title><addtitle>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</addtitle><description>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. 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| source | MEDLINE; American Physiological Society; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Animals Biomarkers Biomarkers - metabolism Blood Pressure Body fluids Cellular Microenvironment Essential Hypertension - genetics Essential Hypertension - metabolism Essential Hypertension - physiopathology Exosomes Exosomes - genetics Exosomes - metabolism Gene Expression Regulation Humans Hypertension Inflammation Mediators - metabolism Lipids Microenvironments MicroRNAs MicroRNAs - genetics MicroRNAs - metabolism miRNA Oxidative Stress Post-transcription Renin-Angiotensin System Signal Transduction |
| title | Exosomal microRNAs in the development of essential hypertension and its potential as biomarkers |
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