Evaluating dynamic similarity of fixed, self-selected and anatomically scaled speeds in non-linear analysis of gait during treadmill running
The aim of this study is to evaluate how speed affects non-linear measures of variability. Fixed and self-selected speeds were compared to an anatomically scaled speed calculated based on leg length to evaluate which provided a more reproducible result between subjects. Sixteen subjects ran on a tre...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Human movement science 2021-04, Vol.76, p.102768-102768, Article 102768 |
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| creator | Strongman, Clare Morrison, Andrew |
| description | The aim of this study is to evaluate how speed affects non-linear measures of variability. Fixed and self-selected speeds were compared to an anatomically scaled speed calculated based on leg length to evaluate which provided a more reproducible result between subjects.
Sixteen subjects ran on a treadmill at a fixed, scaled and self-selected speed and at ±10% in each case. Kinematic data were collected for two minutes at 250 Hz for each trial. Sample entropy (SaEn) and maximum Lyapunov exponents (LyE) were calculated from the sagittal knee and hip joint angles to evaluate regularity of gait and local stability. These nonlinear measures were compared to evaluate the dynamic similarity of the movement in each case, and to evaluate speed as a confounding variable in non-linear analysis.
An anatomically scaled speed shows more dynamic similarity than a fixed or self-selected speed with the lowest observed coefficient of variation for each measure. This was found to be statistically significant for both nonlinear measures of the hip (SaEn p = 0.038; LyE p = 0.040). Speed was not found to be a confounding variable in non-linear analysis of running gait of a healthy population (η2 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102768 |
| format | Article |
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Sixteen subjects ran on a treadmill at a fixed, scaled and self-selected speed and at ±10% in each case. Kinematic data were collected for two minutes at 250 Hz for each trial. Sample entropy (SaEn) and maximum Lyapunov exponents (LyE) were calculated from the sagittal knee and hip joint angles to evaluate regularity of gait and local stability. These nonlinear measures were compared to evaluate the dynamic similarity of the movement in each case, and to evaluate speed as a confounding variable in non-linear analysis.
An anatomically scaled speed shows more dynamic similarity than a fixed or self-selected speed with the lowest observed coefficient of variation for each measure. This was found to be statistically significant for both nonlinear measures of the hip (SaEn p = 0.038; LyE p = 0.040). Speed was not found to be a confounding variable in non-linear analysis of running gait of a healthy population (η2 < 0.05).
Changes in speed by ±10% do not significantly affect stability and variability of gait for healthy participants, suggesting that they make adaptations to ensure optimal gait variability.
Anatomically scaled speeds provide a more reliable methodology for both linear and non-linear analysis by providing a definitive protocol, suggesting it could replace self-selected or fixed speeds in future research.
•Anatomically scaled speeds result in dynamical similarity of non-linear measures of gait.•Froude speeds provide a legitimate alternative to fixed or self-selected speed in gait analysis.•Healthy subjects adapt their gait to ensure optimal variability when speeds are changed by ±10%.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0167-9457</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-7646</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102768</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33556908</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Froude ; Gait ; Non-linear analysis ; Running ; Speed</subject><ispartof>Human movement science, 2021-04, Vol.76, p.102768-102768, Article 102768</ispartof><rights>2021 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-86c6ef8a046da614fe739ab64c860820dbdd1370ad6018aa62efe183ebcc90833</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-86c6ef8a046da614fe739ab64c860820dbdd1370ad6018aa62efe183ebcc90833</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167945721000166$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33556908$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Strongman, Clare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morrison, Andrew</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluating dynamic similarity of fixed, self-selected and anatomically scaled speeds in non-linear analysis of gait during treadmill running</title><title>Human movement science</title><addtitle>Hum Mov Sci</addtitle><description>The aim of this study is to evaluate how speed affects non-linear measures of variability. Fixed and self-selected speeds were compared to an anatomically scaled speed calculated based on leg length to evaluate which provided a more reproducible result between subjects.
Sixteen subjects ran on a treadmill at a fixed, scaled and self-selected speed and at ±10% in each case. Kinematic data were collected for two minutes at 250 Hz for each trial. Sample entropy (SaEn) and maximum Lyapunov exponents (LyE) were calculated from the sagittal knee and hip joint angles to evaluate regularity of gait and local stability. These nonlinear measures were compared to evaluate the dynamic similarity of the movement in each case, and to evaluate speed as a confounding variable in non-linear analysis.
An anatomically scaled speed shows more dynamic similarity than a fixed or self-selected speed with the lowest observed coefficient of variation for each measure. This was found to be statistically significant for both nonlinear measures of the hip (SaEn p = 0.038; LyE p = 0.040). Speed was not found to be a confounding variable in non-linear analysis of running gait of a healthy population (η2 < 0.05).
Changes in speed by ±10% do not significantly affect stability and variability of gait for healthy participants, suggesting that they make adaptations to ensure optimal gait variability.
Anatomically scaled speeds provide a more reliable methodology for both linear and non-linear analysis by providing a definitive protocol, suggesting it could replace self-selected or fixed speeds in future research.
•Anatomically scaled speeds result in dynamical similarity of non-linear measures of gait.•Froude speeds provide a legitimate alternative to fixed or self-selected speed in gait analysis.•Healthy subjects adapt their gait to ensure optimal variability when speeds are changed by ±10%.</description><subject>Froude</subject><subject>Gait</subject><subject>Non-linear analysis</subject><subject>Running</subject><subject>Speed</subject><issn>0167-9457</issn><issn>1872-7646</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kc9u1DAQxi0EokvhCZCQjxzIYseO7T1wQFX5I1XqpT1bs_akeOU4i52syDv0oXHYwpGDPdKn38ynmY-Qt5xtOePq42H7Yx7G07ZlLa9Kq5V5Rjbc6LbRSqrnZFMp3exkpy_Iq1IOjDElpXxJLoToOrVjZkMer08QZ5hCeqB-STAER0sYQoQcpoWOPe3DL_QfaMHYN_VDN6GnkNYH01h5iHGhpZaqlyOiLzQkmsbUxJAQ8grGpYSyTnuAMFE_59Vvygi-WkWa55Sq8pq86CEWfPNUL8n9l-u7q2_Nze3X71efbxonmZwao5zC3gCTyoPiskctdrBX0hnFTMv83nsuNAOvGDcAqsUeuRG4d64uLcQleX-ee8zjzxnLZIdQHMYICce52FYarWXXCVZRcUZdHkvJ2NtjDgPkxXJm1xjswf6Jwa4x2HMMtevdk8G8H9D_6_l79wp8OgNY1zwFzLa4gMmhD7le2Pox_NfgNyObnVM</recordid><startdate>202104</startdate><enddate>202104</enddate><creator>Strongman, Clare</creator><creator>Morrison, Andrew</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202104</creationdate><title>Evaluating dynamic similarity of fixed, self-selected and anatomically scaled speeds in non-linear analysis of gait during treadmill running</title><author>Strongman, Clare ; Morrison, Andrew</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-86c6ef8a046da614fe739ab64c860820dbdd1370ad6018aa62efe183ebcc90833</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Froude</topic><topic>Gait</topic><topic>Non-linear analysis</topic><topic>Running</topic><topic>Speed</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Strongman, Clare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morrison, Andrew</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Human movement science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Strongman, Clare</au><au>Morrison, Andrew</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluating dynamic similarity of fixed, self-selected and anatomically scaled speeds in non-linear analysis of gait during treadmill running</atitle><jtitle>Human movement science</jtitle><addtitle>Hum Mov Sci</addtitle><date>2021-04</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>76</volume><spage>102768</spage><epage>102768</epage><pages>102768-102768</pages><artnum>102768</artnum><issn>0167-9457</issn><eissn>1872-7646</eissn><abstract>The aim of this study is to evaluate how speed affects non-linear measures of variability. Fixed and self-selected speeds were compared to an anatomically scaled speed calculated based on leg length to evaluate which provided a more reproducible result between subjects.
Sixteen subjects ran on a treadmill at a fixed, scaled and self-selected speed and at ±10% in each case. Kinematic data were collected for two minutes at 250 Hz for each trial. Sample entropy (SaEn) and maximum Lyapunov exponents (LyE) were calculated from the sagittal knee and hip joint angles to evaluate regularity of gait and local stability. These nonlinear measures were compared to evaluate the dynamic similarity of the movement in each case, and to evaluate speed as a confounding variable in non-linear analysis.
An anatomically scaled speed shows more dynamic similarity than a fixed or self-selected speed with the lowest observed coefficient of variation for each measure. This was found to be statistically significant for both nonlinear measures of the hip (SaEn p = 0.038; LyE p = 0.040). Speed was not found to be a confounding variable in non-linear analysis of running gait of a healthy population (η2 < 0.05).
Changes in speed by ±10% do not significantly affect stability and variability of gait for healthy participants, suggesting that they make adaptations to ensure optimal gait variability.
Anatomically scaled speeds provide a more reliable methodology for both linear and non-linear analysis by providing a definitive protocol, suggesting it could replace self-selected or fixed speeds in future research.
•Anatomically scaled speeds result in dynamical similarity of non-linear measures of gait.•Froude speeds provide a legitimate alternative to fixed or self-selected speed in gait analysis.•Healthy subjects adapt their gait to ensure optimal variability when speeds are changed by ±10%.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>33556908</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.humov.2021.102768</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Froude Gait Non-linear analysis Running Speed |
| title | Evaluating dynamic similarity of fixed, self-selected and anatomically scaled speeds in non-linear analysis of gait during treadmill running |
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