When Alterations Are Violations: Moral Outrage and Punishment in Response to (Even Minor) Alterations to Rituals

From Catholics performing the sign of the cross since the 4th century to Americans reciting the Pledge of Allegiance since the 1890s, group rituals (i.e., predefined sequences of symbolic actions) have strikingly consistent features over time. Seven studies (N = 4,213) document the sacrosanct nature...

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