Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in musicians: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Objective To determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in musicians. Materials and methods Electronic database searches and a manual search were performed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis including risk of bias was performed for studies that met the inclusion criteria. A meta‐analysis of proportions with a random effects model was performed, and heterogeneity was explored according to the moderating variable through subgroup analysis and metaregression. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Results A total of 13 articles were included for the meta‐analysis. Pooled prevalence estimate was 52.8% (CI 95%; 33.4%‐71.7%) for wind instruments, 53.9% (CI 95%; 42.4%‐65.2%) for string instruments and 53.9% (CI 95%; 23.5%‐82.7%) for string and wind instruments. The average time of use of the musical instrument explained 82.38%, the heterogeneity between the sizes of the effects observed in the analysis (R2 = 82.38%; P