Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk
Background Although excess visceral fat (VAT) is associated with numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors, measurement of this fat depot has historically been difficult. Recent dual X-ray absorptiometry approaches have provided an accessible estimate of VAT that has shown acceptable validity against g...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International Journal of Obesity 2021-04, Vol.45 (4), p.808-817 |
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| creator | Meredith-Jones, Kim Taylor, Rachael Brown, Rachel Cooke, Rebecca Vlietstra, Lara Manning, Patrick Poulton, Richie Haszard, Jillian |
| description | Background
Although excess visceral fat (VAT) is associated with numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors, measurement of this fat depot has historically been difficult. Recent dual X-ray absorptiometry approaches have provided an accessible estimate of VAT that has shown acceptable validity against gold standard methods. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate DXA measured VAT as a predictor of elevated blood lipids and blood pressure and (ii) calculate thresholds associated with these cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Subjects/methods
The sample comprised 1482 adults (56.4% women) aged 18–66 years. Total body scans were performed using a GE Lunar Prodigy, and VAT analyses were enabled through Corescan software (v 16.0). Blood pressure and blood lipids were measured by standard procedures. Regression models assessed how VAT mass was associated with each cardio-metabolic risk factor compared to other body composition measures. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were used to determine age- and sex-specific cut points for VAT mass associated with high cardio-metabolic risk.
Results
Similar to waist circumference, VAT mass was a strong predictor of cardio-metabolic risk especially in men over age 40. Four cut-offs for VAT mass were proposed, above which the cardio-metabolic risk increased: 700 g in women |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2479728354</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A656640505</galeid><sourcerecordid>A656640505</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c473t-391abf7d41b57f6590995c8e12ecfb1398dbc832f76d37e70310a41ff0dfa2fc3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kluLFDEQhYMo7rj6B3yQBmHxJWulc-t-HJb1Agu-6HNIpyszWXs6Y5L28u_N7KyuKyJ5CKS-c6hKHUKeMzhnwLvXWTCuFIWWUQAtOOUPyIoJragUvX5IVsBBU5BKnpAnOV8DgJTQPiYnnAvNmRYrgusN0sbOY5PxO817dMEH13wN2WGyU-NtaRJ6TDg7bNxSovf5hi9bDKmxOUcXbAlxbr6Fsm2cTWOIdIfFDnGqVinkz0_JI2-njM9u71Py6c3lx4t39OrD2_cX6yvqaj-F8p7ZwetRsEFqr2QPfS9dh6xF5wfG-24cXMdbr9XINWrgDKxg3sPobesdPyWvjr77FL8smIvZHQaZJjtjXLJphe5123EpKvryL_Q6Lmmu3ZlWgmJMKtHdURs7oQmzjyVZdzA1ayWVEiBBVur8H1Q9I-6CizP6UN_vCc7-EGzRTmWb47QcvjHfB9sj6FLMuS7C7FPY2fTDMDCHEJhjCEwNgbkJgeFV9OJ2tGXY4fhb8mvrFeBHINfSvMF0N_t_bH8Cblu6Sw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2506115648</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Nature Journals Online</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Meredith-Jones, Kim ; Taylor, Rachael ; Brown, Rachel ; Cooke, Rebecca ; Vlietstra, Lara ; Manning, Patrick ; Poulton, Richie ; Haszard, Jillian</creator><creatorcontrib>Meredith-Jones, Kim ; Taylor, Rachael ; Brown, Rachel ; Cooke, Rebecca ; Vlietstra, Lara ; Manning, Patrick ; Poulton, Richie ; Haszard, Jillian</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Although excess visceral fat (VAT) is associated with numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors, measurement of this fat depot has historically been difficult. Recent dual X-ray absorptiometry approaches have provided an accessible estimate of VAT that has shown acceptable validity against gold standard methods. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate DXA measured VAT as a predictor of elevated blood lipids and blood pressure and (ii) calculate thresholds associated with these cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Subjects/methods
The sample comprised 1482 adults (56.4% women) aged 18–66 years. Total body scans were performed using a GE Lunar Prodigy, and VAT analyses were enabled through Corescan software (v 16.0). Blood pressure and blood lipids were measured by standard procedures. Regression models assessed how VAT mass was associated with each cardio-metabolic risk factor compared to other body composition measures. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were used to determine age- and sex-specific cut points for VAT mass associated with high cardio-metabolic risk.
Results
Similar to waist circumference, VAT mass was a strong predictor of cardio-metabolic risk especially in men over age 40. Four cut-offs for VAT mass were proposed, above which the cardio-metabolic risk increased: 700 g in women <40 yrs; 800 g in women 40+ yrs; 1000
g
in men <40 yrs; and 1200 g in men 40+ yrs. In general, these cut-offs discriminated well between those with high and low cardio-metabolic risk.
Conclusions
In both sexes, DXA measured VAT was associated with traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors, particularly high blood pressure in those 40+ yrs and low HDL < 40 yrs. These reference values provide a simple, accessible method to assess cardio-metabolic risk in adults.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0307-0565</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5497</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33473174</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>692/308/174 ; 692/499 ; Absorptiometry ; Absorptiometry, Photon ; Accessibility ; Adipose tissues ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Blood pressure ; Body composition ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Health aspects ; Health Promotion and Disease Prevention ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; High density lipoprotein ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Internal Medicine ; Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging ; Lipids ; Male ; Measurement ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Men ; Metabolic Diseases ; Metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Public Health ; Reference Values ; Reference values (Medicine) ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sex ; Statistics ; Whole Body Imaging ; Women ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>International Journal of Obesity, 2021-04, Vol.45 (4), p.808-817</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c473t-391abf7d41b57f6590995c8e12ecfb1398dbc832f76d37e70310a41ff0dfa2fc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c473t-391abf7d41b57f6590995c8e12ecfb1398dbc832f76d37e70310a41ff0dfa2fc3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5445-4871 ; 0000-0002-1052-4583</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924,41487,42556,51318</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33473174$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Meredith-Jones, Kim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Rachael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooke, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vlietstra, Lara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manning, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poulton, Richie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haszard, Jillian</creatorcontrib><title>Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk</title><title>International Journal of Obesity</title><addtitle>Int J Obes</addtitle><addtitle>Int J Obes (Lond)</addtitle><description>Background
Although excess visceral fat (VAT) is associated with numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors, measurement of this fat depot has historically been difficult. Recent dual X-ray absorptiometry approaches have provided an accessible estimate of VAT that has shown acceptable validity against gold standard methods. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate DXA measured VAT as a predictor of elevated blood lipids and blood pressure and (ii) calculate thresholds associated with these cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Subjects/methods
The sample comprised 1482 adults (56.4% women) aged 18–66 years. Total body scans were performed using a GE Lunar Prodigy, and VAT analyses were enabled through Corescan software (v 16.0). Blood pressure and blood lipids were measured by standard procedures. Regression models assessed how VAT mass was associated with each cardio-metabolic risk factor compared to other body composition measures. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were used to determine age- and sex-specific cut points for VAT mass associated with high cardio-metabolic risk.
Results
Similar to waist circumference, VAT mass was a strong predictor of cardio-metabolic risk especially in men over age 40. Four cut-offs for VAT mass were proposed, above which the cardio-metabolic risk increased: 700 g in women <40 yrs; 800 g in women 40+ yrs; 1000
g
in men <40 yrs; and 1200 g in men 40+ yrs. In general, these cut-offs discriminated well between those with high and low cardio-metabolic risk.
Conclusions
In both sexes, DXA measured VAT was associated with traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors, particularly high blood pressure in those 40+ yrs and low HDL < 40 yrs. These reference values provide a simple, accessible method to assess cardio-metabolic risk in adults.</description><subject>692/308/174</subject><subject>692/499</subject><subject>Absorptiometry</subject><subject>Absorptiometry, Photon</subject><subject>Accessibility</subject><subject>Adipose tissues</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Blood pressure</subject><subject>Body composition</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health Promotion and Disease Prevention</subject><subject>Heart Disease Risk Factors</subject><subject>High density lipoprotein</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Lipids</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Metabolic Diseases</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Reference Values</subject><subject>Reference values (Medicine)</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Regression models</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Whole Body Imaging</subject><subject>Women</subject><subject>Young 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Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-4871</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-4583</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210401</creationdate><title>Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk</title><author>Meredith-Jones, Kim ; Taylor, Rachael ; Brown, Rachel ; Cooke, Rebecca ; Vlietstra, Lara ; Manning, Patrick ; Poulton, Richie ; Haszard, Jillian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c473t-391abf7d41b57f6590995c8e12ecfb1398dbc832f76d37e70310a41ff0dfa2fc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>692/308/174</topic><topic>692/499</topic><topic>Absorptiometry</topic><topic>Absorptiometry, Photon</topic><topic>Accessibility</topic><topic>Adipose tissues</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Blood pressure</topic><topic>Body composition</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health Promotion and Disease Prevention</topic><topic>Heart Disease Risk Factors</topic><topic>High density lipoprotein</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertension</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Lipids</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Measurement</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Men</topic><topic>Metabolic Diseases</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Reference Values</topic><topic>Reference values (Medicine)</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Regression models</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sex</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><topic>Whole Body Imaging</topic><topic>Women</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Meredith-Jones, Kim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taylor, Rachael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooke, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vlietstra, Lara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manning, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poulton, Richie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haszard, Jillian</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Agricultural Science 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USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International Journal of Obesity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Meredith-Jones, Kim</au><au>Taylor, Rachael</au><au>Brown, Rachel</au><au>Cooke, Rebecca</au><au>Vlietstra, Lara</au><au>Manning, Patrick</au><au>Poulton, Richie</au><au>Haszard, Jillian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk</atitle><jtitle>International Journal of Obesity</jtitle><stitle>Int J Obes</stitle><addtitle>Int J Obes (Lond)</addtitle><date>2021-04-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>45</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>808</spage><epage>817</epage><pages>808-817</pages><issn>0307-0565</issn><eissn>1476-5497</eissn><abstract>Background
Although excess visceral fat (VAT) is associated with numerous cardio-metabolic risk factors, measurement of this fat depot has historically been difficult. Recent dual X-ray absorptiometry approaches have provided an accessible estimate of VAT that has shown acceptable validity against gold standard methods. The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate DXA measured VAT as a predictor of elevated blood lipids and blood pressure and (ii) calculate thresholds associated with these cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Subjects/methods
The sample comprised 1482 adults (56.4% women) aged 18–66 years. Total body scans were performed using a GE Lunar Prodigy, and VAT analyses were enabled through Corescan software (v 16.0). Blood pressure and blood lipids were measured by standard procedures. Regression models assessed how VAT mass was associated with each cardio-metabolic risk factor compared to other body composition measures. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were used to determine age- and sex-specific cut points for VAT mass associated with high cardio-metabolic risk.
Results
Similar to waist circumference, VAT mass was a strong predictor of cardio-metabolic risk especially in men over age 40. Four cut-offs for VAT mass were proposed, above which the cardio-metabolic risk increased: 700 g in women <40 yrs; 800 g in women 40+ yrs; 1000
g
in men <40 yrs; and 1200 g in men 40+ yrs. In general, these cut-offs discriminated well between those with high and low cardio-metabolic risk.
Conclusions
In both sexes, DXA measured VAT was associated with traditional cardio-metabolic risk factors, particularly high blood pressure in those 40+ yrs and low HDL < 40 yrs. These reference values provide a simple, accessible method to assess cardio-metabolic risk in adults.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>33473174</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-4871</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-4583</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International Journal of Obesity, 2021-04, Vol.45 (4), p.808-817 |
| issn | 0307-0565 1476-5497 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Nature Journals Online; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | 692/308/174 692/499 Absorptiometry Absorptiometry, Photon Accessibility Adipose tissues Adolescent Adult Adults Age Aged Blood pressure Body composition Cardiovascular diseases Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Epidemiology Female Health aspects Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Heart Disease Risk Factors High density lipoprotein Humans Hypertension Internal Medicine Intra-Abdominal Fat - diagnostic imaging Lipids Male Measurement Medicine Medicine & Public Health Men Metabolic Diseases Metabolism Middle Aged Public Health Reference Values Reference values (Medicine) Regression analysis Regression models Risk analysis Risk Factors Sex Statistics Whole Body Imaging Women Young Adult |
| title | Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk |
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