Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids: Nicotine Content, Presence of Child-Resistant Packaging, and in-Shop Compounding

To expand on our 2015 study of the nicotine content accuracy of e-liquids, including salts, and the presence of child-resistant packaging. We also describe compounding in shop (CIS). We analyzed samples from 35 shops. CIS processing was observed. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, and inference was performed. Actual nicotine content was significantly less than the identified content, on average, with a mean percent deviation 34.0% below the identified content. Only 3.8% of the samples' actual nicotine content was within 10% of the identified content; the maximum deviation was 213.2%. Of eight uniquely packaged samples, including designs resembling pop cans, ice cream cones, etc., the mean percent deviation was −39.6%; none were within 10% of the identified content. Eight shops compounded samples. After removing outlier values, significant differences were found in the percent deviations between the CIS and non-CIS free-base samples. A significantly higher percentage of CIS samples had nicotine content > 10% above the identified content, and none were within 10%. One shop visually estimated the nicotine quantities to add, e-liquids were not always relabeled to reflect new nicotine levels, and protective materials were not always worn during compounding. Child-resistant packaging was not present for one third of the samples. Labeling of nicotine content in e-liquids remains inaccurate, child-resistant packaging is inconsistent, and CIS is problematic. Effective e-liquid regulation is needed to protect public health. Nurses should educate families about the serious health risks of e-liquids and advocate for increased e-liquid regulations. •Nicotine content of free-base and salt e-liquids was often inaccurately labeled.•Of the nicotine samples, only 4% were within 10% of the identified nicotine content.•The maximum percent deviation was 213.2% above the identified nicotine content.•To make an e-liquid, one shop visually estimated quantities to add to an empty bottle.•More than one third of all e-liquid packaging was not child resistant.