Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India
To examine the asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation, this empirical research analyzes annual data of Pakistan and India over the period 1985–2018 using the NARDL econometric model. The empirical results show significant positive militarization effects...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-02, Vol.28 (8), p.9484-9497 |
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| creator | Ullah, Sana Andlib, Zubaria Majeed, Muhammad Tariq Sohail, Sidra Chishti, Muhammad Zubair |
| description | To examine the asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation, this empirical research analyzes annual data of Pakistan and India over the period 1985–2018 using the NARDL econometric model. The empirical results show significant positive militarization effects on economic growth, while non-militarization also shows positive effects on the economic growth in Pakistan and India. Estimation showed that a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) led to 8.818% (3.849%) increase in GDP growth, whereas a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) decreased carbon emissions by − 1.034% (− 0.225%) in the long run in Pakistan, while militarization has also decreased the carbon emissions − 0.337% in India in the long run. The relationship between militarization and economic growth has an asymmetry in Pakistan and India in the short and long run, while asymmetry also exists between militarization and CO
2
in Pakistan and India in the short and long run. Our findings offer significant policy implications for promoting economic growth and environmental quality in Pakistan and India. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-020-11142-y |
| format | Article |
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in Pakistan and India in the short and long run. Our findings offer significant policy implications for promoting economic growth and environmental quality in Pakistan and India.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11142-y</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33146821</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Asymmetry ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon Dioxide - analysis ; Earth and Environmental Science ; econometric models ; Economic analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic growth ; Economic models ; Economics ; Ecotoxicology ; Emissions ; Empirical analysis ; empirical research ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental degradation ; Environmental Health ; Environmental impact ; Environmental quality ; Environmental science ; India ; issues and policy ; Militarization ; Models, Econometric ; Pakistan ; Research Article ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-02, Vol.28 (8), p.9484-9497</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-18e1d4ea8cb9bfd778646170229685f3beef4525a98eb775148ab739d8b666c13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-18e1d4ea8cb9bfd778646170229685f3beef4525a98eb775148ab739d8b666c13</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3431-9776</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-11142-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-020-11142-y$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904,41467,42536,51298</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33146821$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Sana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andlib, Zubaria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majeed, Muhammad Tariq</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sohail, Sidra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chishti, Muhammad Zubair</creatorcontrib><title>Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>To examine the asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation, this empirical research analyzes annual data of Pakistan and India over the period 1985–2018 using the NARDL econometric model. The empirical results show significant positive militarization effects on economic growth, while non-militarization also shows positive effects on the economic growth in Pakistan and India. Estimation showed that a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) led to 8.818% (3.849%) increase in GDP growth, whereas a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) decreased carbon emissions by − 1.034% (− 0.225%) in the long run in Pakistan, while militarization has also decreased the carbon emissions − 0.337% in India in the long run. The relationship between militarization and economic growth has an asymmetry in Pakistan and India in the short and long run, while asymmetry also exists between militarization and CO
2
in Pakistan and India in the short and long run. Our findings offer significant policy implications for promoting economic growth and environmental quality in Pakistan and India.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Asymmetry</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon Dioxide - analysis</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>econometric models</subject><subject>Economic analysis</subject><subject>Economic Development</subject><subject>Economic growth</subject><subject>Economic models</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Empirical analysis</subject><subject>empirical research</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental degradation</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental quality</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>issues and policy</subject><subject>Militarization</subject><subject>Models, Econometric</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUFrFTEUhYMo9ln9Ay4k4MbN2Nwkk0zclWK1UGgXdT1kJjevqTNJTea1vIL_3fheVXAhwg2XkO-cS-4h5DWw98CYPioAolUN46wBAMmb7ROyAgWy0dKYp2TFjJQNCCkPyItSblglDdfPyYEQIFXHYUW-H5ftPOOSw0jRexyXQpOnc5jCYnN4sEtIkdbCMcU0V2qd0_1yTW10FONdyCnOGBc7UYfrbN1O8IH6jOWa4l1wGEes1zTTS_s1lMXGnfYsumBfkmfeTgVfPfZD8uX049XJ5-b84tPZyfF5M0qllgY6BCfRduNgBu-07pRUoBnnRnWtFwOily1vrelw0LoF2dlBC-O6QSk1gjgk7_a-tzl922BZ-jmUEafJRkyb0vNWy7omw_8Dla1WGuqp6Nu_0Ju0ybF-pFJd3T1TRlSK76kxp1Iy-v42h9nmbQ-s_5ljv8-xr-n0uxz7bRW9ebTeDDO635JfwVVA7IFSn-Ia85_Z_7D9AROOqc4</recordid><startdate>20210201</startdate><enddate>20210201</enddate><creator>Ullah, Sana</creator><creator>Andlib, Zubaria</creator><creator>Majeed, Muhammad Tariq</creator><creator>Sohail, Sidra</creator><creator>Chishti, Muhammad Zubair</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3431-9776</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210201</creationdate><title>Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India</title><author>Ullah, Sana ; Andlib, Zubaria ; Majeed, Muhammad Tariq ; Sohail, Sidra ; Chishti, Muhammad Zubair</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c466t-18e1d4ea8cb9bfd778646170229685f3beef4525a98eb775148ab739d8b666c13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Asymmetry</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbon Dioxide - 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Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ullah, Sana</au><au>Andlib, Zubaria</au><au>Majeed, Muhammad Tariq</au><au>Sohail, Sidra</au><au>Chishti, Muhammad Zubair</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2021-02-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>9484</spage><epage>9497</epage><pages>9484-9497</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>To examine the asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation, this empirical research analyzes annual data of Pakistan and India over the period 1985–2018 using the NARDL econometric model. The empirical results show significant positive militarization effects on economic growth, while non-militarization also shows positive effects on the economic growth in Pakistan and India. Estimation showed that a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) led to 8.818% (3.849%) increase in GDP growth, whereas a 1% increase in militarization (non-militarization) decreased carbon emissions by − 1.034% (− 0.225%) in the long run in Pakistan, while militarization has also decreased the carbon emissions − 0.337% in India in the long run. The relationship between militarization and economic growth has an asymmetry in Pakistan and India in the short and long run, while asymmetry also exists between militarization and CO
2
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| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Asymmetry Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon Dioxide - analysis Earth and Environmental Science econometric models Economic analysis Economic Development Economic growth Economic models Economics Ecotoxicology Emissions Empirical analysis empirical research Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental degradation Environmental Health Environmental impact Environmental quality Environmental science India issues and policy Militarization Models, Econometric Pakistan Research Article Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Asymmetric effects of militarization on economic growth and environmental degradation: fresh evidence from Pakistan and India |
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