Contaminated by war: A brief history of sea-dumping of munitions
Munitions introduced to the sea during military activities, including naval combat and mine warfare represent only a fraction of military material present in seas and oceans. Huge amounts of obsolete conventional munitions and chemical munitions were dumped to the sea until 1975, when London convent...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Marine environmental research 2020-12, Vol.162, p.105189-105189, Article 105189 |
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| creator | Bełdowski, Jacek Brenner, Matthias Lehtonen, Kari K. |
| description | Munitions introduced to the sea during military activities, including naval combat and mine warfare represent only a fraction of military material present in seas and oceans. Huge amounts of obsolete conventional munitions and chemical munitions were dumped to the sea until 1975, when London convention put a stop of sea dumping. Such munitions are a threat for maritime workers, but also for environment. Corroding shells release toxic degradation products to sediments and bottom water, and unlike other contaminants, they cannot be reduced by land measures. Only removal of source can reduce the contamination. Much work has been done in the last decade, and mechanisms of toxicity and bioaccumulation are being recognized, as well as transport and spreading mechanisms. The full assessment of the risk associated with munitions now depends on broad application of developed techniques. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105189 |
| format | Article |
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| ispartof | Marine environmental research, 2020-12, Vol.162, p.105189-105189, Article 105189 |
| issn | 0141-1136 1879-0291 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | Bioaccumulation Bottom water Contaminants Contamination Degradation products Dumping Environmental degradation Marine transportation Military operations Military supplies Ocean dumping Oceans Sediments Toxicity Warfare Water pollution |
| title | Contaminated by war: A brief history of sea-dumping of munitions |
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