Is There a Minimum Number of Landmarks That Optimizes the Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Wings?
Culicids are the most significant arthropods affecting human health. Thus, their correct identification is critical. The use of Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been recently incorporated into mosquito taxonomy and has begun to complement classic diagnostic techniques. Since sampling size depends on...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of medical entomology 2021-03, Vol.58 (2), p.576-587 |
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description | Culicids are the most significant arthropods affecting human health. Thus, their correct identification is critical. The use of Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been recently incorporated into mosquito taxonomy and has begun to complement classic diagnostic techniques. Since sampling size depends on the number of Landmarks (LMs) used, this study aimed to establish the minimum number of wing LMs needed to optimize GM analysis of mosquito species and/or genera from urban and peri-urban areas of Argentina. Female left wings were used for the optimization phase, in which 17 LMs were reduced to four by iterative LM exclusion. To verify its efficiency, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were performed. Additionally, a phenogram was constructed to visualize the results. We observed that five LMs for the PCA, CVA, and phenogram and nine for the DA enabled discrimination and/or clustering of almost all species and genera. Therefore, we tested the LM selection by using nine LMs and adding new species. The resulting PCA showed little overlap between species and almost all species clustered as expected, which was also reflected in the phenogram. Significant differences were found between wing shape among all species, together with a low total error rate in the DA. In conclusion, the number of LMs can be reduced and still be used to effectively differentiate and cluster culicids. This is helpful for better exploitation of available material and optimization of data processing time when classic taxonomy methods are inadequate or the material is scarce. |
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Thus, their correct identification is critical. The use of Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been recently incorporated into mosquito taxonomy and has begun to complement classic diagnostic techniques. Since sampling size depends on the number of Landmarks (LMs) used, this study aimed to establish the minimum number of wing LMs needed to optimize GM analysis of mosquito species and/or genera from urban and peri-urban areas of Argentina. Female left wings were used for the optimization phase, in which 17 LMs were reduced to four by iterative LM exclusion. To verify its efficiency, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were performed. Additionally, a phenogram was constructed to visualize the results. We observed that five LMs for the PCA, CVA, and phenogram and nine for the DA enabled discrimination and/or clustering of almost all species and genera. Therefore, we tested the LM selection by using nine LMs and adding new species. The resulting PCA showed little overlap between species and almost all species clustered as expected, which was also reflected in the phenogram. Significant differences were found between wing shape among all species, together with a low total error rate in the DA. In conclusion, the number of LMs can be reduced and still be used to effectively differentiate and cluster culicids. This is helpful for better exploitation of available material and optimization of data processing time when classic taxonomy methods are inadequate or the material is scarce.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-2585</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-2928</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa187</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33017459</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Entomological Society of America</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Aquatic insects ; Arthropods ; biodiversity ; Clustering ; Data processing ; Discriminant analysis ; Genera ; morphology ; MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION ; Mosquitoes ; New species ; Optimization ; phenogram ; principal component analysis ; Principal components analysis ; shape ; Taxonomy ; Urban areas</subject><ispartof>Journal of medical entomology, 2021-03, Vol.58 (2), p.576-587</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. journals.permissions@oup.com</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2020</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Oxford University Press</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b449t-46200685c1aa93ccbd904e69d9d383eb2fc2e237cef26ad12f32d4b0c9afc4103</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b449t-46200685c1aa93ccbd904e69d9d383eb2fc2e237cef26ad12f32d4b0c9afc4103</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1584,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017459$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Wilkerson, Richard</contributor><creatorcontrib>Beriotto, Agustina C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garzón, Maximiliano J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schweigmann, Nicolás</creatorcontrib><title>Is There a Minimum Number of Landmarks That Optimizes the Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Wings?</title><title>Journal of medical entomology</title><addtitle>J Med Entomol</addtitle><description>Culicids are the most significant arthropods affecting human health. Thus, their correct identification is critical. The use of Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been recently incorporated into mosquito taxonomy and has begun to complement classic diagnostic techniques. Since sampling size depends on the number of Landmarks (LMs) used, this study aimed to establish the minimum number of wing LMs needed to optimize GM analysis of mosquito species and/or genera from urban and peri-urban areas of Argentina. Female left wings were used for the optimization phase, in which 17 LMs were reduced to four by iterative LM exclusion. To verify its efficiency, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were performed. Additionally, a phenogram was constructed to visualize the results. We observed that five LMs for the PCA, CVA, and phenogram and nine for the DA enabled discrimination and/or clustering of almost all species and genera. Therefore, we tested the LM selection by using nine LMs and adding new species. The resulting PCA showed little overlap between species and almost all species clustered as expected, which was also reflected in the phenogram. Significant differences were found between wing shape among all species, together with a low total error rate in the DA. In conclusion, the number of LMs can be reduced and still be used to effectively differentiate and cluster culicids. This is helpful for better exploitation of available material and optimization of data processing time when classic taxonomy methods are inadequate or the material is scarce.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Aquatic insects</subject><subject>Arthropods</subject><subject>biodiversity</subject><subject>Clustering</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Discriminant analysis</subject><subject>Genera</subject><subject>morphology</subject><subject>MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>New species</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>phenogram</subject><subject>principal component analysis</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>shape</subject><subject>Taxonomy</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><issn>0022-2585</issn><issn>1938-2928</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0c1rFDEYB-Agil2rJ-8SEKRFt83X7CQnWVathV17qXgcMpl3ulknk2mSOdSb_7kZdqsoouQQEp73zccPoeeUnFGi-PnOwXnaaU1l-QDNqOJyzhSTD9GMEMbmrJDFEXoS444QIqlQj9ER54SWolAz9P0y4ustBMAab2xv3ejwp9HVELBv8Vr3jdPh62R0wldDss5-g4jTFvAFeAcpWIM3Pgzb-8Wy191dtHGq3_h4O9rk8ck7OyQI-g1ejZ01ttFwir_Y_ia-fYoetbqL8OwwH6PPH95frz7O11cXl6vlel4LodJcLBghC1kYqrXixtSNIgIWqlENlxxq1hoGjJcGWrbQDWUtZ42oiVG6NYISfoxO9n2H4G9HiKlyNhroOt2DH2PFhJBSlKSgmb78g-78GPK7siryNxeSSv5L3egOKtu3PgVtpqbVsiSUsFKS6dizv6g8GnDW-B5am_d_K3i9LzDBxxigrYZgcwh3FSXVFHiVA68OgWf94nDVsXbQ_LT3CWfwag_8OPyn0-ke1tbna_3T_gADcsEB</recordid><startdate>20210301</startdate><enddate>20210301</enddate><creator>Beriotto, Agustina C.</creator><creator>Garzón, Maximiliano J.</creator><creator>Schweigmann, Nicolás</creator><general>Entomological Society of America</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210301</creationdate><title>Is There a Minimum Number of Landmarks That Optimizes the Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Wings?</title><author>Beriotto, Agustina C. ; Garzón, Maximiliano J. ; Schweigmann, Nicolás</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b449t-46200685c1aa93ccbd904e69d9d383eb2fc2e237cef26ad12f32d4b0c9afc4103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Aquatic insects</topic><topic>Arthropods</topic><topic>biodiversity</topic><topic>Clustering</topic><topic>Data processing</topic><topic>Discriminant analysis</topic><topic>Genera</topic><topic>morphology</topic><topic>MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION</topic><topic>Mosquitoes</topic><topic>New species</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>phenogram</topic><topic>principal component analysis</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>shape</topic><topic>Taxonomy</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Beriotto, Agustina C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garzón, Maximiliano J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schweigmann, Nicolás</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of medical entomology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Beriotto, Agustina C.</au><au>Garzón, Maximiliano J.</au><au>Schweigmann, Nicolás</au><au>Wilkerson, Richard</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Is There a Minimum Number of Landmarks That Optimizes the Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Wings?</atitle><jtitle>Journal of medical entomology</jtitle><addtitle>J Med Entomol</addtitle><date>2021-03-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>58</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>576</spage><epage>587</epage><pages>576-587</pages><issn>0022-2585</issn><eissn>1938-2928</eissn><abstract>Culicids are the most significant arthropods affecting human health. Thus, their correct identification is critical. The use of Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been recently incorporated into mosquito taxonomy and has begun to complement classic diagnostic techniques. Since sampling size depends on the number of Landmarks (LMs) used, this study aimed to establish the minimum number of wing LMs needed to optimize GM analysis of mosquito species and/or genera from urban and peri-urban areas of Argentina. Female left wings were used for the optimization phase, in which 17 LMs were reduced to four by iterative LM exclusion. To verify its efficiency, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) were performed. Additionally, a phenogram was constructed to visualize the results. We observed that five LMs for the PCA, CVA, and phenogram and nine for the DA enabled discrimination and/or clustering of almost all species and genera. Therefore, we tested the LM selection by using nine LMs and adding new species. The resulting PCA showed little overlap between species and almost all species clustered as expected, which was also reflected in the phenogram. Significant differences were found between wing shape among all species, together with a low total error rate in the DA. In conclusion, the number of LMs can be reduced and still be used to effectively differentiate and cluster culicids. This is helpful for better exploitation of available material and optimization of data processing time when classic taxonomy methods are inadequate or the material is scarce.</abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Entomological Society of America</pub><pmid>33017459</pmid><doi>10.1093/jme/tjaa187</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Alma/SFX Local Collection |
subjects | Analysis Aquatic insects Arthropods biodiversity Clustering Data processing Discriminant analysis Genera morphology MORPHOLOGY, SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION Mosquitoes New species Optimization phenogram principal component analysis Principal components analysis shape Taxonomy Urban areas |
title | Is There a Minimum Number of Landmarks That Optimizes the Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Wings? |
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