Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial
Objective To describe effects of non‐ablative erbium‐doped:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe. Design Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen‐treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome. Setting KU Leuven,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2021-05, Vol.128 (6), p.1087-1096 |
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| creator | Mackova, K Mazzer, AM Mori Da Cunha, MGMC Hajkova Hympanova, L Urbankova, I Kastelein, AW Vodegel, E Vander Linden, K Fehervary, H Guler, Z Roovers, JP Krofta, L Verhaeghe, J Deprest, J |
| description | Objective
To describe effects of non‐ablative erbium‐doped:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe.
Design
Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen‐treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome.
Setting
KU Leuven, Belgium.
Sample
Twenty‐four ewes.
Methods
Menopause was surgically induced, after which the ewes were randomised to three groups receiving vaginal Er:YAG laser application three times, with a 1‐month interval; three sham manipulations with a 1‐month interval; or estrogen replacement and sham manipulations. At given intervals, ewes were clinically examined and vaginal wall biopsies were taken. Vaginal compliance was determined by passive biomechanical testing from explants taken at autopsy.
Main outcome measures
Vaginal epithelial thickness (primary), composition of the lamina propria (collagen, elastin, glycogen and vessel content), vaginal compliance, clinical signs.
Results
Animals exposed to Er:YAG laser application and sham manipulation, but not to estrogens, displayed a significant and comparable increase in vaginal epithelial thickness between baseline and 7 days after the third application (69% and 67%, respectively, both P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/1471-0528.16558 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2448845476</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2510261117</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3718-c4d65674f14c367a7f59ee8d4ac98ca2d1426ba0e167665b6160dc4b7ecac4f53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkbtOxDAQRS0E4l3TIUs0NFnsxI8sHSBYQEg0gERlzToTCHLiYG-E6PgEvpEvwcsCBQ1uxr5zfDW6Q8gOZyOezgEXmmdM5uWIKynLJbL-qyx_3VnGirxcIxsxPjHGVc6KVbJWFIxrycbrxN_BQ9OBo6fh8P5oQh1EDBT63jUWZo3vaNPR2SPSFjvfwxATii_p6St0hxRogK7ybROxohhnwT9gR5NE4yO0H2_v1ndJdC61Z6EBt0VWanARt7_rJrk9O705Oc-uricXJ0dXmS00LzMrKiWVFjUXtlAadC3HiGUlwI5LC3nFRa6mwJArrZScKq5YZcVUowUrallskv2Fbx_885AmM2lGi85Bh36IJheiLIUUWiV07w_65IeQMkmU5CxXKWidqIMFZYOPMWBt-tC0EF4NZ2a-CzNP3syTN1-7SD92v32HaYvVL_8TfgLkAnhpHL7-52eOL68Xxp-4LZQJ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2510261117</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial</title><source>Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Journals</source><source>MEDLINE</source><creator>Mackova, K ; Mazzer, AM ; Mori Da Cunha, MGMC ; Hajkova Hympanova, L ; Urbankova, I ; Kastelein, AW ; Vodegel, E ; Vander Linden, K ; Fehervary, H ; Guler, Z ; Roovers, JP ; Krofta, L ; Verhaeghe, J ; Deprest, J</creator><creatorcontrib>Mackova, K ; Mazzer, AM ; Mori Da Cunha, MGMC ; Hajkova Hympanova, L ; Urbankova, I ; Kastelein, AW ; Vodegel, E ; Vander Linden, K ; Fehervary, H ; Guler, Z ; Roovers, JP ; Krofta, L ; Verhaeghe, J ; Deprest, J</creatorcontrib><description>Objective
To describe effects of non‐ablative erbium‐doped:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe.
Design
Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen‐treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome.
Setting
KU Leuven, Belgium.
Sample
Twenty‐four ewes.
Methods
Menopause was surgically induced, after which the ewes were randomised to three groups receiving vaginal Er:YAG laser application three times, with a 1‐month interval; three sham manipulations with a 1‐month interval; or estrogen replacement and sham manipulations. At given intervals, ewes were clinically examined and vaginal wall biopsies were taken. Vaginal compliance was determined by passive biomechanical testing from explants taken at autopsy.
Main outcome measures
Vaginal epithelial thickness (primary), composition of the lamina propria (collagen, elastin, glycogen and vessel content), vaginal compliance, clinical signs.
Results
Animals exposed to Er:YAG laser application and sham manipulation, but not to estrogens, displayed a significant and comparable increase in vaginal epithelial thickness between baseline and 7 days after the third application (69% and 67%, respectively, both P < 0.0008). In laser‐treated ewes, temporary vaginal discharge and limited thermal injury were observed. Estrogen‐substituted ewes displayed a more prominent increase in epithelial thickness (202%; P < 0.0001) and higher vaginal compliance (P < 0.05). None of the interventions induced changes in the lamina propria.
Conclusions
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1470-0328</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-0528</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16558</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33017509</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Aluminum ; Animal research ; Animals ; Atrophy ; Atrophy - diagnosis ; Atrophy - drug therapy ; Atrophy - etiology ; Atrophy - radiotherapy ; Biopsy - methods ; Collagen ; Disease Models, Animal ; Elastin ; epithelium ; estrogen ; Estrogen receptors ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods ; Estrogens ; Estrogens - pharmacology ; Explants ; Female ; Glycogen ; Hormone replacement therapy ; Lamina propria ; laser ; Lasers ; Lasers, Solid-State - therapeutic use ; Low-Level Light Therapy - adverse effects ; Low-Level Light Therapy - methods ; Menopause ; planar biaxial testing ; Sheep ; Thermal injury ; Treatment Outcome ; Vagina ; Vagina - pathology ; Vaginal Diseases - drug therapy ; Vaginal Diseases - pathology ; Vaginal Diseases - radiotherapy ; Yttrium</subject><ispartof>BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2021-05, Vol.128 (6), p.1087-1096</ispartof><rights>2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3718-c4d65674f14c367a7f59ee8d4ac98ca2d1426ba0e167665b6160dc4b7ecac4f53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3718-c4d65674f14c367a7f59ee8d4ac98ca2d1426ba0e167665b6160dc4b7ecac4f53</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4920-945X ; 0000-0001-7293-8151 ; 0000-0002-5611-1426 ; 0000-0001-7372-3953 ; 0000-0003-4167-1663 ; 0000-0002-6908-4922 ; 0000-0002-3069-6382 ; 0000-0001-6658-7797 ; 0000-0003-4223-1678 ; 0000-0002-6526-220X ; 0000-0002-9002-9231 ; 0000-0001-6897-9495</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2F1471-0528.16558$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2F1471-0528.16558$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017509$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mackova, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mazzer, AM</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mori Da Cunha, MGMC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hajkova Hympanova, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Urbankova, I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kastelein, AW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vodegel, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Linden, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fehervary, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guler, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roovers, JP</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krofta, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhaeghe, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deprest, J</creatorcontrib><title>Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial</title><title>BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology</title><addtitle>BJOG</addtitle><description>Objective
To describe effects of non‐ablative erbium‐doped:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe.
Design
Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen‐treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome.
Setting
KU Leuven, Belgium.
Sample
Twenty‐four ewes.
Methods
Menopause was surgically induced, after which the ewes were randomised to three groups receiving vaginal Er:YAG laser application three times, with a 1‐month interval; three sham manipulations with a 1‐month interval; or estrogen replacement and sham manipulations. At given intervals, ewes were clinically examined and vaginal wall biopsies were taken. Vaginal compliance was determined by passive biomechanical testing from explants taken at autopsy.
Main outcome measures
Vaginal epithelial thickness (primary), composition of the lamina propria (collagen, elastin, glycogen and vessel content), vaginal compliance, clinical signs.
Results
Animals exposed to Er:YAG laser application and sham manipulation, but not to estrogens, displayed a significant and comparable increase in vaginal epithelial thickness between baseline and 7 days after the third application (69% and 67%, respectively, both P < 0.0008). In laser‐treated ewes, temporary vaginal discharge and limited thermal injury were observed. Estrogen‐substituted ewes displayed a more prominent increase in epithelial thickness (202%; P < 0.0001) and higher vaginal compliance (P < 0.05). None of the interventions induced changes in the lamina propria.
Conclusions
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.</description><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Animal research</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Atrophy</subject><subject>Atrophy - diagnosis</subject><subject>Atrophy - drug therapy</subject><subject>Atrophy - etiology</subject><subject>Atrophy - radiotherapy</subject><subject>Biopsy - methods</subject><subject>Collagen</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>Elastin</subject><subject>epithelium</subject><subject>estrogen</subject><subject>Estrogen receptors</subject><subject>Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods</subject><subject>Estrogens</subject><subject>Estrogens - pharmacology</subject><subject>Explants</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glycogen</subject><subject>Hormone replacement therapy</subject><subject>Lamina propria</subject><subject>laser</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>Lasers, Solid-State - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Low-Level Light Therapy - adverse effects</subject><subject>Low-Level Light Therapy - methods</subject><subject>Menopause</subject><subject>planar biaxial testing</subject><subject>Sheep</subject><subject>Thermal injury</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Vagina</subject><subject>Vagina - pathology</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - drug therapy</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - pathology</subject><subject>Vaginal Diseases - radiotherapy</subject><subject>Yttrium</subject><issn>1470-0328</issn><issn>1471-0528</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkbtOxDAQRS0E4l3TIUs0NFnsxI8sHSBYQEg0gERlzToTCHLiYG-E6PgEvpEvwcsCBQ1uxr5zfDW6Q8gOZyOezgEXmmdM5uWIKynLJbL-qyx_3VnGirxcIxsxPjHGVc6KVbJWFIxrycbrxN_BQ9OBo6fh8P5oQh1EDBT63jUWZo3vaNPR2SPSFjvfwxATii_p6St0hxRogK7ybROxohhnwT9gR5NE4yO0H2_v1ndJdC61Z6EBt0VWanARt7_rJrk9O705Oc-uricXJ0dXmS00LzMrKiWVFjUXtlAadC3HiGUlwI5LC3nFRa6mwJArrZScKq5YZcVUowUrallskv2Fbx_885AmM2lGi85Bh36IJheiLIUUWiV07w_65IeQMkmU5CxXKWidqIMFZYOPMWBt-tC0EF4NZ2a-CzNP3syTN1-7SD92v32HaYvVL_8TfgLkAnhpHL7-52eOL68Xxp-4LZQJ</recordid><startdate>202105</startdate><enddate>202105</enddate><creator>Mackova, K</creator><creator>Mazzer, AM</creator><creator>Mori Da Cunha, MGMC</creator><creator>Hajkova Hympanova, L</creator><creator>Urbankova, I</creator><creator>Kastelein, AW</creator><creator>Vodegel, E</creator><creator>Vander Linden, K</creator><creator>Fehervary, H</creator><creator>Guler, Z</creator><creator>Roovers, JP</creator><creator>Krofta, L</creator><creator>Verhaeghe, J</creator><creator>Deprest, J</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4920-945X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-8151</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5611-1426</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-3953</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-1663</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-4922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-6382</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-7797</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-1678</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-220X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-9231</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-9495</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202105</creationdate><title>Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial</title><author>Mackova, K ; Mazzer, AM ; Mori Da Cunha, MGMC ; Hajkova Hympanova, L ; Urbankova, I ; Kastelein, AW ; Vodegel, E ; Vander Linden, K ; Fehervary, H ; Guler, Z ; Roovers, JP ; Krofta, L ; Verhaeghe, J ; Deprest, J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3718-c4d65674f14c367a7f59ee8d4ac98ca2d1426ba0e167665b6160dc4b7ecac4f53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Animal research</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Atrophy</topic><topic>Atrophy - diagnosis</topic><topic>Atrophy - drug therapy</topic><topic>Atrophy - etiology</topic><topic>Atrophy - radiotherapy</topic><topic>Biopsy - methods</topic><topic>Collagen</topic><topic>Disease Models, Animal</topic><topic>Elastin</topic><topic>epithelium</topic><topic>estrogen</topic><topic>Estrogen receptors</topic><topic>Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods</topic><topic>Estrogens</topic><topic>Estrogens - pharmacology</topic><topic>Explants</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glycogen</topic><topic>Hormone replacement therapy</topic><topic>Lamina propria</topic><topic>laser</topic><topic>Lasers</topic><topic>Lasers, Solid-State - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Low-Level Light Therapy - adverse effects</topic><topic>Low-Level Light Therapy - methods</topic><topic>Menopause</topic><topic>planar biaxial testing</topic><topic>Sheep</topic><topic>Thermal injury</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><topic>Vagina</topic><topic>Vagina - pathology</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - drug therapy</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - pathology</topic><topic>Vaginal Diseases - radiotherapy</topic><topic>Yttrium</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mackova, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mazzer, AM</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mori Da Cunha, MGMC</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hajkova Hympanova, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Urbankova, I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kastelein, AW</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vodegel, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vander Linden, K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fehervary, H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guler, Z</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roovers, JP</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Krofta, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verhaeghe, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deprest, J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mackova, K</au><au>Mazzer, AM</au><au>Mori Da Cunha, MGMC</au><au>Hajkova Hympanova, L</au><au>Urbankova, I</au><au>Kastelein, AW</au><au>Vodegel, E</au><au>Vander Linden, K</au><au>Fehervary, H</au><au>Guler, Z</au><au>Roovers, JP</au><au>Krofta, L</au><au>Verhaeghe, J</au><au>Deprest, J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial</atitle><jtitle>BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology</jtitle><addtitle>BJOG</addtitle><date>2021-05</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1087</spage><epage>1096</epage><pages>1087-1096</pages><issn>1470-0328</issn><eissn>1471-0528</eissn><abstract>Objective
To describe effects of non‐ablative erbium‐doped:yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Er:YAG) laser on vaginal atrophy induced by iatrogenic menopause in the ewe.
Design
Animal experimental, randomised, sham and estrogen‐treatment controlled study with blinding for primary outcome.
Setting
KU Leuven, Belgium.
Sample
Twenty‐four ewes.
Methods
Menopause was surgically induced, after which the ewes were randomised to three groups receiving vaginal Er:YAG laser application three times, with a 1‐month interval; three sham manipulations with a 1‐month interval; or estrogen replacement and sham manipulations. At given intervals, ewes were clinically examined and vaginal wall biopsies were taken. Vaginal compliance was determined by passive biomechanical testing from explants taken at autopsy.
Main outcome measures
Vaginal epithelial thickness (primary), composition of the lamina propria (collagen, elastin, glycogen and vessel content), vaginal compliance, clinical signs.
Results
Animals exposed to Er:YAG laser application and sham manipulation, but not to estrogens, displayed a significant and comparable increase in vaginal epithelial thickness between baseline and 7 days after the third application (69% and 67%, respectively, both P < 0.0008). In laser‐treated ewes, temporary vaginal discharge and limited thermal injury were observed. Estrogen‐substituted ewes displayed a more prominent increase in epithelial thickness (202%; P < 0.0001) and higher vaginal compliance (P < 0.05). None of the interventions induced changes in the lamina propria.
Conclusions
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.
Tweetable
Vaginal Er:YAG laser has comparable effect to sham manipulation in menopausal ewes #LASER #GSM #RCT.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>33017509</pmid><doi>10.1111/1471-0528.16558</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4920-945X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-8151</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5611-1426</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-3953</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-1663</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6908-4922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-6382</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-7797</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-1678</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-220X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-9231</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-9495</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2021-05, Vol.128 (6), p.1087-1096 |
| issn | 1470-0328 1471-0528 |
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| source | Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Journals; MEDLINE |
| subjects | Aluminum Animal research Animals Atrophy Atrophy - diagnosis Atrophy - drug therapy Atrophy - etiology Atrophy - radiotherapy Biopsy - methods Collagen Disease Models, Animal Elastin epithelium estrogen Estrogen receptors Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods Estrogens Estrogens - pharmacology Explants Female Glycogen Hormone replacement therapy Lamina propria laser Lasers Lasers, Solid-State - therapeutic use Low-Level Light Therapy - adverse effects Low-Level Light Therapy - methods Menopause planar biaxial testing Sheep Thermal injury Treatment Outcome Vagina Vagina - pathology Vaginal Diseases - drug therapy Vaginal Diseases - pathology Vaginal Diseases - radiotherapy Yttrium |
| title | Vaginal Er:YAG laser application in the menopausal ewe model: a randomised estrogen and sham‐controlled trial |
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