CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms: A Case Series
To explore whether hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and neurologic symptoms have evidence of CNS infection, inflammation, and injury using CSF biomarker measurements. We assessed CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA along with CSF biomarkers of intrathecal inflam...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Neurology 2021-01, Vol.96 (2), p.e294-e300 |
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| creator | Edén, Arvid Kanberg, Nelly Gostner, Johanna Fuchs, Dietmar Hagberg, Lars Andersson, Lars-Magnus Lindh, Magnus Price, Richard W. Zetterberg, Henrik Gisslén, Magnus |
| description | To explore whether hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and neurologic symptoms have evidence of CNS infection, inflammation, and injury using CSF biomarker measurements.
We assessed CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA along with CSF biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation (CSF white blood cell count, neopterin, β
-microglobulin, and immunoglobulin G index), blood-brain barrier integrity (albumin ratio), and axonal injury (CSF neurofilament light chain protein [NfL]) in 6 patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and neurologic symptoms who had undergone a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Neurologic symptoms and signs included features of encephalopathies (4 of 6), suspected meningitis (1 of 6), and dysgeusia (1 of 6). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the plasma of 2 patients (cycle threshold [Ct] value 35.0-37.0) and in CSF at low levels (Ct 37.2, 38.0, 39.0) in 3 patients in 1 but not in a second real-time PCR assay. CSF neopterin (median 43.0 nmol/L) and β
-microglobulin (median 3.1 mg/L) were increased in all. Median immunoglobulin G index (0.39), albumin ratio (5.35), and CSF white blood cell count ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010977 |
| format | Article |
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We assessed CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA along with CSF biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation (CSF white blood cell count, neopterin, β
-microglobulin, and immunoglobulin G index), blood-brain barrier integrity (albumin ratio), and axonal injury (CSF neurofilament light chain protein [NfL]) in 6 patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and neurologic symptoms who had undergone a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Neurologic symptoms and signs included features of encephalopathies (4 of 6), suspected meningitis (1 of 6), and dysgeusia (1 of 6). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the plasma of 2 patients (cycle threshold [Ct] value 35.0-37.0) and in CSF at low levels (Ct 37.2, 38.0, 39.0) in 3 patients in 1 but not in a second real-time PCR assay. CSF neopterin (median 43.0 nmol/L) and β
-microglobulin (median 3.1 mg/L) were increased in all. Median immunoglobulin G index (0.39), albumin ratio (5.35), and CSF white blood cell count (<3 cells/µL) were normal in all, while CSF NfL was elevated in 2 patients.
Our results in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms suggest an unusual pattern of marked CSF inflammation in which soluble markers were increased but white cell response and other immunologic features typical of CNS viral infections were absent. While our initial hypothesis centered on CNS SARS-CoV-2 invasion, we could not convincingly detect SARS-CoV-2 as the underlying driver of CNS inflammation. These features distinguish COVID-19 CSF from other viral CNS infections and raise fundamental questions about the CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-3878</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1526-632X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010977</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33004602</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Academy of Neurology</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid ; Blood-Brain Barrier - diagnostic imaging ; Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism ; COVID-19 - cerebrospinal fluid ; COVID-19 - complications ; COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid ; Nervous System Diseases - diagnostic imaging ; Nervous System Diseases - etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification</subject><ispartof>Neurology, 2021-01, Vol.96 (2), p.e294-e300</ispartof><rights>American Academy of Neurology</rights><rights>2020 American Academy of Neurology.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3014-e35da28d2ef0e01fe35ce8b690638c9818ce2f9a58bffdf0c4f901e83895c82b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1532-5177</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004602$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Edén, Arvid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kanberg, Nelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gostner, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fuchs, Dietmar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagberg, Lars</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andersson, Lars-Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindh, Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Price, Richard W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zetterberg, Henrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gisslén, Magnus</creatorcontrib><title>CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms: A Case Series</title><title>Neurology</title><addtitle>Neurology</addtitle><description>To explore whether hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and neurologic symptoms have evidence of CNS infection, inflammation, and injury using CSF biomarker measurements.
We assessed CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA along with CSF biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation (CSF white blood cell count, neopterin, β
-microglobulin, and immunoglobulin G index), blood-brain barrier integrity (albumin ratio), and axonal injury (CSF neurofilament light chain protein [NfL]) in 6 patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and neurologic symptoms who had undergone a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Neurologic symptoms and signs included features of encephalopathies (4 of 6), suspected meningitis (1 of 6), and dysgeusia (1 of 6). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the plasma of 2 patients (cycle threshold [Ct] value 35.0-37.0) and in CSF at low levels (Ct 37.2, 38.0, 39.0) in 3 patients in 1 but not in a second real-time PCR assay. CSF neopterin (median 43.0 nmol/L) and β
-microglobulin (median 3.1 mg/L) were increased in all. Median immunoglobulin G index (0.39), albumin ratio (5.35), and CSF white blood cell count (<3 cells/µL) were normal in all, while CSF NfL was elevated in 2 patients.
Our results in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms suggest an unusual pattern of marked CSF inflammation in which soluble markers were increased but white cell response and other immunologic features typical of CNS viral infections were absent. While our initial hypothesis centered on CNS SARS-CoV-2 invasion, we could not convincingly detect SARS-CoV-2 as the underlying driver of CNS inflammation. These features distinguish COVID-19 CSF from other viral CNS infections and raise fundamental questions about the CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Blood-Brain Barrier - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism</subject><subject>COVID-19 - cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>COVID-19 - complications</subject><subject>COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid</subject><subject>Nervous System Diseases - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Nervous System Diseases - etiology</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification</subject><issn>0028-3878</issn><issn>1526-632X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkElPwzAQhS0EgrL8A4R85JIyHiepww3CKlUUqWy3yHXGNJA0xU6E-PeYXWIuoxm9eaP3MbYrYChQ4MH91XgIfyUgG41W2EAkmEapxIdVNgBAFUk1Uhts0_unIEpwlK2zDSkB4hRwwCb59IwfV22j3TM5z6sFv9ZdRYvO8_uqm_N8cnd5EomM60XJr6h3bd0-VoZP35pl1zb-kB_xXHviU3IV-W22ZnXtaee7b7Hbs9Ob_CIaT84v86NxZCSIOCKZlBpViWSBQNgwG1KzNINUKpMpoQyhzXSiZtaWFkxsMxCkpMoSo3Amt9j-l-_StS89-a5oKm-orvWC2t4XGMcqBgRQQRp_SY1rvXdki6WrQt63QkDxgbIIKIv_KMPZ3veHftZQ-Xv0w-7P97Wtu8Duue5fyRVz0nU3__RLRYiKgAKEQIjCBmP5DsjLfCA</recordid><startdate>20210112</startdate><enddate>20210112</enddate><creator>Edén, Arvid</creator><creator>Kanberg, Nelly</creator><creator>Gostner, Johanna</creator><creator>Fuchs, Dietmar</creator><creator>Hagberg, Lars</creator><creator>Andersson, Lars-Magnus</creator><creator>Lindh, Magnus</creator><creator>Price, Richard W.</creator><creator>Zetterberg, Henrik</creator><creator>Gisslén, Magnus</creator><general>American Academy of Neurology</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-5177</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210112</creationdate><title>CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms: A Case Series</title><author>Edén, Arvid ; Kanberg, Nelly ; Gostner, Johanna ; Fuchs, Dietmar ; Hagberg, Lars ; Andersson, Lars-Magnus ; Lindh, Magnus ; Price, Richard W. ; Zetterberg, Henrik ; Gisslén, Magnus</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3014-e35da28d2ef0e01fe35ce8b690638c9818ce2f9a58bffdf0c4f901e83895c82b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Blood-Brain Barrier - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism</topic><topic>COVID-19 - cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>COVID-19 - complications</topic><topic>COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid</topic><topic>Nervous System Diseases - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Nervous System Diseases - etiology</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Edén, Arvid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kanberg, Nelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gostner, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fuchs, Dietmar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagberg, Lars</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andersson, Lars-Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindh, Magnus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Price, Richard W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zetterberg, Henrik</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gisslén, Magnus</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Neurology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Edén, Arvid</au><au>Kanberg, Nelly</au><au>Gostner, Johanna</au><au>Fuchs, Dietmar</au><au>Hagberg, Lars</au><au>Andersson, Lars-Magnus</au><au>Lindh, Magnus</au><au>Price, Richard W.</au><au>Zetterberg, Henrik</au><au>Gisslén, Magnus</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms: A Case Series</atitle><jtitle>Neurology</jtitle><addtitle>Neurology</addtitle><date>2021-01-12</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>96</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e294</spage><epage>e300</epage><pages>e294-e300</pages><issn>0028-3878</issn><eissn>1526-632X</eissn><abstract>To explore whether hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and neurologic symptoms have evidence of CNS infection, inflammation, and injury using CSF biomarker measurements.
We assessed CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA along with CSF biomarkers of intrathecal inflammation (CSF white blood cell count, neopterin, β
-microglobulin, and immunoglobulin G index), blood-brain barrier integrity (albumin ratio), and axonal injury (CSF neurofilament light chain protein [NfL]) in 6 patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and neurologic symptoms who had undergone a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Neurologic symptoms and signs included features of encephalopathies (4 of 6), suspected meningitis (1 of 6), and dysgeusia (1 of 6). SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the plasma of 2 patients (cycle threshold [Ct] value 35.0-37.0) and in CSF at low levels (Ct 37.2, 38.0, 39.0) in 3 patients in 1 but not in a second real-time PCR assay. CSF neopterin (median 43.0 nmol/L) and β
-microglobulin (median 3.1 mg/L) were increased in all. Median immunoglobulin G index (0.39), albumin ratio (5.35), and CSF white blood cell count (<3 cells/µL) were normal in all, while CSF NfL was elevated in 2 patients.
Our results in patients with COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms suggest an unusual pattern of marked CSF inflammation in which soluble markers were increased but white cell response and other immunologic features typical of CNS viral infections were absent. While our initial hypothesis centered on CNS SARS-CoV-2 invasion, we could not convincingly detect SARS-CoV-2 as the underlying driver of CNS inflammation. These features distinguish COVID-19 CSF from other viral CNS infections and raise fundamental questions about the CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Academy of Neurology</pub><pmid>33004602</pmid><doi>10.1212/WNL.0000000000010977</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-5177</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Neurology, 2021-01, Vol.96 (2), p.e294-e300 |
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| language | eng |
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| subjects | Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid Blood-Brain Barrier - diagnostic imaging Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism COVID-19 - cerebrospinal fluid COVID-19 - complications COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nervous System Diseases - cerebrospinal fluid Nervous System Diseases - diagnostic imaging Nervous System Diseases - etiology SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification |
| title | CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms: A Case Series |
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