Generalized gene expression programming models for estimating reference evapotranspiration through cross-station assessment and exogenous data supply

Adopting methodologies utilizing exogenous data from ancillary stations for determining crop water requirement is a suitable approach to exempt local shortcomings due to the lack of meteorological data/stations. Meanwhile, soft computing techniques might be suitable tools to be used with such data management scenarios. The present paper aimed at evaluating the generalizability of the gene expression programming (GEP) technique for estimating reference evapotranspiration ( ET 0 ) through cross-station assessment and exogenous data supply, using data from Turkey and Iran. The GEP-based models were established and learnt using data from 10 stations in Turkey, and then the developed models were tested (validated) in 18 stations of Iran with considerable latitude differences. Different time periods (beginning and the end of time series) were selected for the training and testing stations so that there was no overlap among the dates of the events in both the groups. A comparison was also performed between the GEP models and the corresponding commonly used empirical equations. The obtained results revealed that the generalized GEP models presented promising outcomes in simulating daily ET 0 values when they were trained and tested in quite distant stations with different chronological periods of the applied parameters. The performance accuracy of the empirical equations calibrated using exogenous data was reduced in comparison with their original (non-calibrated) versions. Further, although the generalization ability of the GEP models was reduced when the climatic context of the training-testing stations was different, the overall performance accuracy of those models was higher than those of the commonly used classic empirical equations.