Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping
Biological cilia that generate fluid flow or propulsion are often found to exhibit a collective wavelike metachronal motion, i.e. neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Lab on a chip 2020-10, Vol.2 (19), p.3569-3581 |
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| creator | Zhang, Shuaizhong Cui, Zhiwei Wang, Ye den Toonder, Jaap M. J |
| description | Biological cilia that generate fluid flow or propulsion are often found to exhibit a collective wavelike metachronal motion,
i.e.
neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing a metachronal motion can generate strong microfluidic flows, though, interestingly, the mechanism is different from that in biological cilia, as is found through a systematic experimental study. The μMAC are actuated by a facile magnetic setup, consisting of an array of rod-shaped magnets. This arrangement imposes a time-dependent non-uniform magnetic field on the μMAC array, resulting in a phase difference between the beatings of adjacent μMAC, while each cilium exhibits a two-dimensional whip-like motion. By performing the metachronal 2D motion, the μMAC are able to generate a strong flow in a microfluidic chip, with velocities of up to 3000 μm s
−1
in water, which, different from biological cilia, is found to be a result of combined metachronal and inertial effects, in addition to the effect of asymmetric beating. The pumping performance of the metachronal μMAC outperforms all previously reported microscopic artificial cilia, and is competitive with that of most of the existing microfluidic pumping methods, while the proposed platform requires no physical connection to peripheral equipment, reduces the usage of reagents by minimizing "dead volumes", avoids undesirable electrical effects, and accommodates a wide range of different fluids. The 2D metachronal motion can also generate a flow with velocities up to 60 μm s
−1
in pure glycerol, where Reynolds number is less than 0.05 and the flow is primarily caused by the metachronal motion of the μMAC. These findings offer a novel solution to not only create on-chip integrated micropumps, but also design swimming and walking microrobots, as well as self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces.
Microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing metachronal motion are experimentally demonstrated to generate unprecedented strong microfluidic flow. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1039/d0lc00610f |
| format | Article |
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i.e.
neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing a metachronal motion can generate strong microfluidic flows, though, interestingly, the mechanism is different from that in biological cilia, as is found through a systematic experimental study. The μMAC are actuated by a facile magnetic setup, consisting of an array of rod-shaped magnets. This arrangement imposes a time-dependent non-uniform magnetic field on the μMAC array, resulting in a phase difference between the beatings of adjacent μMAC, while each cilium exhibits a two-dimensional whip-like motion. By performing the metachronal 2D motion, the μMAC are able to generate a strong flow in a microfluidic chip, with velocities of up to 3000 μm s
−1
in water, which, different from biological cilia, is found to be a result of combined metachronal and inertial effects, in addition to the effect of asymmetric beating. The pumping performance of the metachronal μMAC outperforms all previously reported microscopic artificial cilia, and is competitive with that of most of the existing microfluidic pumping methods, while the proposed platform requires no physical connection to peripheral equipment, reduces the usage of reagents by minimizing "dead volumes", avoids undesirable electrical effects, and accommodates a wide range of different fluids. The 2D metachronal motion can also generate a flow with velocities up to 60 μm s
−1
in pure glycerol, where Reynolds number is less than 0.05 and the flow is primarily caused by the metachronal motion of the μMAC. These findings offer a novel solution to not only create on-chip integrated micropumps, but also design swimming and walking microrobots, as well as self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces.
Microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing metachronal motion are experimentally demonstrated to generate unprecedented strong microfluidic flow.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1473-0197</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1473-0189</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00610f</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry</publisher><subject>Actuation ; Arrays ; Fluid dynamics ; Fluid flow ; Magnets ; Microfluidics ; Micropumps ; Microrobots ; Nonuniform magnetic fields ; Pumping ; Reagents ; Reynolds number ; Swimming ; Time dependence</subject><ispartof>Lab on a chip, 2020-10, Vol.2 (19), p.3569-3581</ispartof><rights>Copyright Royal Society of Chemistry 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c479t-d78a0707b4568d1dab33bd1376af9bc06b0aba65281e20b7cf8fef6a15d392233</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c479t-d78a0707b4568d1dab33bd1376af9bc06b0aba65281e20b7cf8fef6a15d392233</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5923-4456 ; 0000-0002-4103-1474</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Shuaizhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Zhiwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ye</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>den Toonder, Jaap M. J</creatorcontrib><title>Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping</title><title>Lab on a chip</title><description>Biological cilia that generate fluid flow or propulsion are often found to exhibit a collective wavelike metachronal motion,
i.e.
neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing a metachronal motion can generate strong microfluidic flows, though, interestingly, the mechanism is different from that in biological cilia, as is found through a systematic experimental study. The μMAC are actuated by a facile magnetic setup, consisting of an array of rod-shaped magnets. This arrangement imposes a time-dependent non-uniform magnetic field on the μMAC array, resulting in a phase difference between the beatings of adjacent μMAC, while each cilium exhibits a two-dimensional whip-like motion. By performing the metachronal 2D motion, the μMAC are able to generate a strong flow in a microfluidic chip, with velocities of up to 3000 μm s
−1
in water, which, different from biological cilia, is found to be a result of combined metachronal and inertial effects, in addition to the effect of asymmetric beating. The pumping performance of the metachronal μMAC outperforms all previously reported microscopic artificial cilia, and is competitive with that of most of the existing microfluidic pumping methods, while the proposed platform requires no physical connection to peripheral equipment, reduces the usage of reagents by minimizing "dead volumes", avoids undesirable electrical effects, and accommodates a wide range of different fluids. The 2D metachronal motion can also generate a flow with velocities up to 60 μm s
−1
in pure glycerol, where Reynolds number is less than 0.05 and the flow is primarily caused by the metachronal motion of the μMAC. These findings offer a novel solution to not only create on-chip integrated micropumps, but also design swimming and walking microrobots, as well as self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces.
Microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing metachronal motion are experimentally demonstrated to generate unprecedented strong microfluidic flow.</description><subject>Actuation</subject><subject>Arrays</subject><subject>Fluid dynamics</subject><subject>Fluid flow</subject><subject>Magnets</subject><subject>Microfluidics</subject><subject>Micropumps</subject><subject>Microrobots</subject><subject>Nonuniform magnetic fields</subject><subject>Pumping</subject><subject>Reagents</subject><subject>Reynolds number</subject><subject>Swimming</subject><subject>Time dependence</subject><issn>1473-0197</issn><issn>1473-0189</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90U1LxDAQBuAgCq6rF-9CxYsI1aRpk_Yoq6vCihc9l2k-apZ-maQH_72plRU8eJo5PPMe3kHolOBrgmlxI3EjMGYE6z20ICmnMSZ5sb_bC36IjpzbYkyylOULJJ-VB_Fu-w6aCIQfwZu-i3odtUbY3ol-MCJqoe6UDwtYb7QRJmBhGgNRrTplwSsXOR9C6vlMN6ORgQ9jO5iuPkYHGhqnTn7mEr2t719Xj_Hm5eFpdbuJRcoLH0ueA-aYV2nGckkkVJRWklDOQBeVwKzCUAHLkpyoBFdc6FwrzYBkkhZJQukSXc65g-0_RuV82RonVNNAp_rRlUlKeZ6REBDoxR-67UcbSphUygrOSTEFXs1qqsJZpcvBmhbsZ0lwORVe3uHN6rvwdcDnM7ZO7NzvQ8pB6mDO_jP0CzxXicw</recordid><startdate>20201007</startdate><enddate>20201007</enddate><creator>Zhang, Shuaizhong</creator><creator>Cui, Zhiwei</creator><creator>Wang, Ye</creator><creator>den Toonder, Jaap M. J</creator><general>Royal Society of Chemistry</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5923-4456</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-1474</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201007</creationdate><title>Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping</title><author>Zhang, Shuaizhong ; Cui, Zhiwei ; Wang, Ye ; den Toonder, Jaap M. J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c479t-d78a0707b4568d1dab33bd1376af9bc06b0aba65281e20b7cf8fef6a15d392233</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Actuation</topic><topic>Arrays</topic><topic>Fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Fluid flow</topic><topic>Magnets</topic><topic>Microfluidics</topic><topic>Micropumps</topic><topic>Microrobots</topic><topic>Nonuniform magnetic fields</topic><topic>Pumping</topic><topic>Reagents</topic><topic>Reynolds number</topic><topic>Swimming</topic><topic>Time dependence</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Shuaizhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Zhiwei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ye</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>den Toonder, Jaap M. J</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Lab on a chip</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Shuaizhong</au><au>Cui, Zhiwei</au><au>Wang, Ye</au><au>den Toonder, Jaap M. J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping</atitle><jtitle>Lab on a chip</jtitle><date>2020-10-07</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>2</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>3569</spage><epage>3581</epage><pages>3569-3581</pages><issn>1473-0197</issn><eissn>1473-0189</eissn><abstract>Biological cilia that generate fluid flow or propulsion are often found to exhibit a collective wavelike metachronal motion,
i.e.
neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing a metachronal motion can generate strong microfluidic flows, though, interestingly, the mechanism is different from that in biological cilia, as is found through a systematic experimental study. The μMAC are actuated by a facile magnetic setup, consisting of an array of rod-shaped magnets. This arrangement imposes a time-dependent non-uniform magnetic field on the μMAC array, resulting in a phase difference between the beatings of adjacent μMAC, while each cilium exhibits a two-dimensional whip-like motion. By performing the metachronal 2D motion, the μMAC are able to generate a strong flow in a microfluidic chip, with velocities of up to 3000 μm s
−1
in water, which, different from biological cilia, is found to be a result of combined metachronal and inertial effects, in addition to the effect of asymmetric beating. The pumping performance of the metachronal μMAC outperforms all previously reported microscopic artificial cilia, and is competitive with that of most of the existing microfluidic pumping methods, while the proposed platform requires no physical connection to peripheral equipment, reduces the usage of reagents by minimizing "dead volumes", avoids undesirable electrical effects, and accommodates a wide range of different fluids. The 2D metachronal motion can also generate a flow with velocities up to 60 μm s
−1
in pure glycerol, where Reynolds number is less than 0.05 and the flow is primarily caused by the metachronal motion of the μMAC. These findings offer a novel solution to not only create on-chip integrated micropumps, but also design swimming and walking microrobots, as well as self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces.
Microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing metachronal motion are experimentally demonstrated to generate unprecedented strong microfluidic flow.</abstract><cop>Cambridge</cop><pub>Royal Society of Chemistry</pub><doi>10.1039/d0lc00610f</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5923-4456</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-1474</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Royal Society Of Chemistry Journals 2008-; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Actuation Arrays Fluid dynamics Fluid flow Magnets Microfluidics Micropumps Microrobots Nonuniform magnetic fields Pumping Reagents Reynolds number Swimming Time dependence |
| title | Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping |
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