Lethal and sublethal exposure of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the...
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| creator | Souza, Augusto César Paes Melo, Karina Motta de Azevedo, Luana França Calandrini de Almada Vilhena, Andryo Orfi Nagamachi, Cleusa Yoshiko Pieczarka, Júlio César |
| description | Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the species
Hemichromis bimaculatus
(jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1 |
| format | Article |
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Hemichromis bimaculatus
(jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of
P
< 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquaculture ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Bioassays ; Comet assay ; Damage detection ; DNA damage ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental science ; Exposure ; Fish ; Fish farms ; Fungicides ; Hemichromis bimaculatus ; Malachite green ; Ornamental fish ; Research Article ; Side effects ; Sublethal dosage ; Sublethal effects ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2020-09, Vol.27 (26), p.33215-33225</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3041-7fe50afb16fec5ed6f91efbf652048533dc049558519e019aab337ccf2f0ba783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3041-7fe50afb16fec5ed6f91efbf652048533dc049558519e019aab337ccf2f0ba783</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2951-8877</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Souza, Augusto César Paes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melo, Karina Motta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Azevedo, Luana França Calandrini</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Almada Vilhena, Andryo Orfi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagamachi, Cleusa Yoshiko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pieczarka, Júlio César</creatorcontrib><title>Lethal and sublethal exposure of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><description>Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the species
Hemichromis bimaculatus
(jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of
P
< 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish.</description><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>Comet assay</subject><subject>Damage detection</subject><subject>DNA damage</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Fish farms</subject><subject>Fungicides</subject><subject>Hemichromis bimaculatus</subject><subject>Malachite green</subject><subject>Ornamental fish</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Side 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Res</stitle><date>2020-09-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>26</issue><spage>33215</spage><epage>33225</epage><pages>33215-33225</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the species
Hemichromis bimaculatus
(jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 ± 13.8 at a significant level of
P
< 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11356-020-09615-1</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-8877</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aquaculture Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Bioassays Comet assay Damage detection DNA damage Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental science Exposure Fish Fish farms Fungicides Hemichromis bimaculatus Malachite green Ornamental fish Research Article Side effects Sublethal dosage Sublethal effects Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Lethal and sublethal exposure of Hemichromis bimaculatus (Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish |
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