A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts
More than three-quarters of the baryonic content of the Universe resides in a highly diffuse state that is difficult to detect, with only a small fraction directly observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters 1 , 2 . Censuses of the nearby Universe have used absorption line spectroscopy 3 , 4 to observe...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature (London) 2020-05, Vol.581 (7809), p.391-395 |
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| creator | Macquart, J.-P. Prochaska, J. X. McQuinn, M. Bannister, K. W. Bhandari, S. Day, C. K. Deller, A. T. Ekers, R. D. James, C. W. Marnoch, L. Osłowski, S. Phillips, C. Ryder, S. D. Scott, D. R. Shannon, R. M. Tejos, N. |
| description | More than three-quarters of the baryonic content of the Universe resides in a highly diffuse state that is difficult to detect, with only a small fraction directly observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters
1
,
2
. Censuses of the nearby Universe have used absorption line spectroscopy
3
,
4
to observe the ‘invisible’ baryons, but these measurements rely on large and uncertain corrections and are insensitive to most of the Universe’s volume and probably most of its mass. In particular, quasar spectroscopy is sensitive either to the very small amounts of hydrogen that exist in the atomic state, or to highly ionized and enriched gas
4
–
6
in denser regions near galaxies
7
. Other techniques to observe these invisible baryons also have limitations; Sunyaev–Zel’dovich analyses
8
,
9
can provide evidence from gas within filamentary structures, and studies of X-ray emission are most sensitive to gas near galaxy clusters
9
,
10
. Here we report a measurement of the baryon content of the Universe using the dispersion of a sample of localized fast radio bursts; this technique determines the electron column density along each line of sight and accounts for every ionized baryon
11
–
13
. We augment the sample of reported arcsecond-localized
14
–
18
fast radio bursts with four new localizations in host galaxies that have measured redshifts of 0.291, 0.118, 0.378 and 0.522. This completes a sample sufficiently large to account for dispersion variations along the lines of sight and in the host-galaxy environments
11
, and we derive a cosmic baryon density of
Ω
b
=
0.051
−
0.025
+
0.021
h
70
−
1
(95 per cent confidence;
h
70
=
H
0
/(70 km s
−1
Mpc
−1
) and
H
0
is Hubble’s constant). This independent measurement is consistent with values derived from the cosmic microwave background and from Big Bang nucleosynthesis
19
,
20
.
The baryon density determined along the lines of sight to localized fast radio bursts is consistent with that determined from the cosmic microwave background and required by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2 |
| format | Article |
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1
,
2
. Censuses of the nearby Universe have used absorption line spectroscopy
3
,
4
to observe the ‘invisible’ baryons, but these measurements rely on large and uncertain corrections and are insensitive to most of the Universe’s volume and probably most of its mass. In particular, quasar spectroscopy is sensitive either to the very small amounts of hydrogen that exist in the atomic state, or to highly ionized and enriched gas
4
–
6
in denser regions near galaxies
7
. Other techniques to observe these invisible baryons also have limitations; Sunyaev–Zel’dovich analyses
8
,
9
can provide evidence from gas within filamentary structures, and studies of X-ray emission are most sensitive to gas near galaxy clusters
9
,
10
. Here we report a measurement of the baryon content of the Universe using the dispersion of a sample of localized fast radio bursts; this technique determines the electron column density along each line of sight and accounts for every ionized baryon
11
–
13
. We augment the sample of reported arcsecond-localized
14
–
18
fast radio bursts with four new localizations in host galaxies that have measured redshifts of 0.291, 0.118, 0.378 and 0.522. This completes a sample sufficiently large to account for dispersion variations along the lines of sight and in the host-galaxy environments
11
, and we derive a cosmic baryon density of
Ω
b
=
0.051
−
0.025
+
0.021
h
70
−
1
(95 per cent confidence;
h
70
=
H
0
/(70 km s
−1
Mpc
−1
) and
H
0
is Hubble’s constant). This independent measurement is consistent with values derived from the cosmic microwave background and from Big Bang nucleosynthesis
19
,
20
.
The baryon density determined along the lines of sight to localized fast radio bursts is consistent with that determined from the cosmic microwave background and required by Big Bang nucleosynthesis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0028-0836</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-4687</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32461651</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>639/33/34/124 ; 639/33/34/4127 ; Atomic states ; Baryons ; Big bang cosmology ; Census ; Composition ; Cosmic microwave background ; Dark energy ; Density ; Dispersion ; Emission analysis ; Galaxies ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Hydrogen ; Line of sight ; Mass spectroscopy ; Methods ; multidisciplinary ; Observations ; Optical pulses ; Quasars ; Radio bursts ; Science ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Sky surveys ; Spectroscopy ; Standard deviation ; Stars & galaxies ; Surveys ; Universe ; X-ray emissions</subject><ispartof>Nature (London), 2020-05, Vol.581 (7809), p.391-395</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Nature Publishing Group</rights><rights>Copyright Nature Publishing Group May 28, 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c640t-38b16b596920ab04f91746a54a59588bf57944cde390955841e1a292a9e325183</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c640t-38b16b596920ab04f91746a54a59588bf57944cde390955841e1a292a9e325183</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6437-6176 ; 0000-0003-0289-0732 ; 0000-0003-3460-506X ; 0000-0003-4501-8100 ; 0000-0003-2149-0363 ; 0000-0002-7285-6348 ; 0000-0002-5851-5264 ; 0000-0003-1483-0147 ; 0000-0002-8101-3027 ; 0000-0001-9434-3837 ; 0000-0002-1883-4252 ; 0000-0001-6763-8234 ; 0000-0002-7738-6875</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32461651$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Macquart, J.-P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prochaska, J. X.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McQuinn, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bannister, K. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhandari, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Day, C. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deller, A. T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ekers, R. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>James, C. W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marnoch, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osłowski, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phillips, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryder, S. D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scott, D. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shannon, R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tejos, N.</creatorcontrib><title>A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts</title><title>Nature (London)</title><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><description>More than three-quarters of the baryonic content of the Universe resides in a highly diffuse state that is difficult to detect, with only a small fraction directly observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters
1
,
2
. Censuses of the nearby Universe have used absorption line spectroscopy
3
,
4
to observe the ‘invisible’ baryons, but these measurements rely on large and uncertain corrections and are insensitive to most of the Universe’s volume and probably most of its mass. In particular, quasar spectroscopy is sensitive either to the very small amounts of hydrogen that exist in the atomic state, or to highly ionized and enriched gas
4
–
6
in denser regions near galaxies
7
. Other techniques to observe these invisible baryons also have limitations; Sunyaev–Zel’dovich analyses
8
,
9
can provide evidence from gas within filamentary structures, and studies of X-ray emission are most sensitive to gas near galaxy clusters
9
,
10
. Here we report a measurement of the baryon content of the Universe using the dispersion of a sample of localized fast radio bursts; this technique determines the electron column density along each line of sight and accounts for every ionized baryon
11
–
13
. We augment the sample of reported arcsecond-localized
14
–
18
fast radio bursts with four new localizations in host galaxies that have measured redshifts of 0.291, 0.118, 0.378 and 0.522. This completes a sample sufficiently large to account for dispersion variations along the lines of sight and in the host-galaxy environments
11
, and we derive a cosmic baryon density of
Ω
b
=
0.051
−
0.025
+
0.021
h
70
−
1
(95 per cent confidence;
h
70
=
H
0
/(70 km s
−1
Mpc
−1
) and
H
0
is Hubble’s constant). This independent measurement is consistent with values derived from the cosmic microwave background and from Big Bang nucleosynthesis
19
,
20
.
The baryon density determined along the lines of sight to localized fast radio bursts is consistent with that determined from the cosmic microwave background and required by Big Bang nucleosynthesis.</description><subject>639/33/34/124</subject><subject>639/33/34/4127</subject><subject>Atomic states</subject><subject>Baryons</subject><subject>Big bang cosmology</subject><subject>Census</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Cosmic microwave background</subject><subject>Dark energy</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Dispersion</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Galaxies</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Hydrogen</subject><subject>Line of sight</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Observations</subject><subject>Optical pulses</subject><subject>Quasars</subject><subject>Radio bursts</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Sky surveys</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Standard deviation</subject><subject>Stars & galaxies</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Universe</subject><subject>X-ray emissions</subject><issn>0028-0836</issn><issn>1476-4687</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNp10u9r1DAYB_AgijtP_wDfSHBvJtKZpEmavDxu_hgMBd3wZUjbp2dGm9ySVtS_3pSbzpMbhRTST748pF-EnlNySkmp3iROhZIFYaRgJcnLA7SgvJIFl6p6iBaEMFUQVcoj9CSla0KIoBV_jI5KxiWVgi7Q2Qo34NOUcOhwbePP4BN2Ho_fAF959x1iAtzFMOA-NLZ3v6DFnU0jjrZ1AddTTGN6ih51tk_w7Pa9RFfv3l6uPxQXn96fr1cXRSM5GYtS1VTWQkvNiK0J73SeRlrBrdBCqboTlea8aaHURAuhOAVqmWZWQ8kEVeUSnexytzHcTJBGM7jUQN9bD2FKhnFS5QytZabH_9HrMEWfp5uVEpJLqe_UxvZgnO_CGG0zh5qVZIIordmsigNqAx6i7YOHzuXtPf_ygG-27sb8i04PoPy0MLjmYOqrvQPZjPBj3NgpJXP-5fO-fX2_XV1-XX_c13SnmxhSitCZbXRD7oKhxMxFM7uimVw0MxctL0v04vZ-p3qA9u-JP83KgO1Ayp_8BuLdD7g_9TdeWdWH</recordid><startdate>202005</startdate><enddate>202005</enddate><creator>Macquart, J.-P.</creator><creator>Prochaska, J. 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Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest Research Library</collection><collection>ProQuest Science Journals</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Journals</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>University of Michigan</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Macquart, J.-P.</au><au>Prochaska, J. X.</au><au>McQuinn, M.</au><au>Bannister, K. W.</au><au>Bhandari, S.</au><au>Day, C. K.</au><au>Deller, A. T.</au><au>Ekers, R. D.</au><au>James, C. W.</au><au>Marnoch, L.</au><au>Osłowski, S.</au><au>Phillips, C.</au><au>Ryder, S. D.</au><au>Scott, D. R.</au><au>Shannon, R. M.</au><au>Tejos, N.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts</atitle><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle><stitle>Nature</stitle><addtitle>Nature</addtitle><date>2020-05</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>581</volume><issue>7809</issue><spage>391</spage><epage>395</epage><pages>391-395</pages><issn>0028-0836</issn><eissn>1476-4687</eissn><abstract>More than three-quarters of the baryonic content of the Universe resides in a highly diffuse state that is difficult to detect, with only a small fraction directly observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters
1
,
2
. Censuses of the nearby Universe have used absorption line spectroscopy
3
,
4
to observe the ‘invisible’ baryons, but these measurements rely on large and uncertain corrections and are insensitive to most of the Universe’s volume and probably most of its mass. In particular, quasar spectroscopy is sensitive either to the very small amounts of hydrogen that exist in the atomic state, or to highly ionized and enriched gas
4
–
6
in denser regions near galaxies
7
. Other techniques to observe these invisible baryons also have limitations; Sunyaev–Zel’dovich analyses
8
,
9
can provide evidence from gas within filamentary structures, and studies of X-ray emission are most sensitive to gas near galaxy clusters
9
,
10
. Here we report a measurement of the baryon content of the Universe using the dispersion of a sample of localized fast radio bursts; this technique determines the electron column density along each line of sight and accounts for every ionized baryon
11
–
13
. We augment the sample of reported arcsecond-localized
14
–
18
fast radio bursts with four new localizations in host galaxies that have measured redshifts of 0.291, 0.118, 0.378 and 0.522. This completes a sample sufficiently large to account for dispersion variations along the lines of sight and in the host-galaxy environments
11
, and we derive a cosmic baryon density of
Ω
b
=
0.051
−
0.025
+
0.021
h
70
−
1
(95 per cent confidence;
h
70
=
H
0
/(70 km s
−1
Mpc
−1
) and
H
0
is Hubble’s constant). This independent measurement is consistent with values derived from the cosmic microwave background and from Big Bang nucleosynthesis
19
,
20
.
The baryon density determined along the lines of sight to localized fast radio bursts is consistent with that determined from the cosmic microwave background and required by Big Bang nucleosynthesis.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>32461651</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2</doi><tpages>5</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-6176</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-0732</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-506X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-8100</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-0363</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-6348</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5851-5264</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1483-0147</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-3027</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-3837</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-4252</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6763-8234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-6875</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0028-0836 |
| ispartof | Nature (London), 2020-05, Vol.581 (7809), p.391-395 |
| issn | 0028-0836 1476-4687 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2407579996 |
| source | Nature; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | 639/33/34/124 639/33/34/4127 Atomic states Baryons Big bang cosmology Census Composition Cosmic microwave background Dark energy Density Dispersion Emission analysis Galaxies Humanities and Social Sciences Hydrogen Line of sight Mass spectroscopy Methods multidisciplinary Observations Optical pulses Quasars Radio bursts Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sky surveys Spectroscopy Standard deviation Stars & galaxies Surveys Universe X-ray emissions |
| title | A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-17T23%3A55%3A35IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20census%20of%20baryons%20in%20the%20Universe%20from%20localized%20fast%20radio%20bursts&rft.jtitle=Nature%20(London)&rft.au=Macquart,%20J.-P.&rft.date=2020-05&rft.volume=581&rft.issue=7809&rft.spage=391&rft.epage=395&rft.pages=391-395&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.eissn=1476-4687&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA625089929%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2408564669&rft_id=info:pmid/32461651&rft_galeid=A625089929&rfr_iscdi=true |