Pitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence
The chemical analysis of cannabis potency involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the main phytocannabinoids: Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), etc. Although it might appear as a trivial analysis, it is rather a tri...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2020-07, Vol.412 (17), p.4009-4022 |
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| creator | Citti, Cinzia Russo, Fabiana Sgrò, Salvatore Gallo, Alfonso Zanotto, Antonio Forni, Flavio Vandelli, Maria Angela Laganà, Aldo Montone, Carmela Maria Gigli, Giuseppe Cannazza, Giuseppe |
| description | The chemical analysis of cannabis potency involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the main phytocannabinoids: Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), etc. Although it might appear as a trivial analysis, it is rather a tricky task. Phytocannabinoids are present mostly as carboxylated species at the aromatic ring of the resorcinyl moiety. Their decarboxylation caused by heat leads to a greater analytical variability due to both reaction kinetics and possible decomposition. Moreover, the instability of cannabinoids and the variability in the sample preparation, extraction, and analysis, as well as the presence of isomeric forms of cannabinoids, complicates the scenario. A critical evaluation of the different analytical methods proposed in the literature points out that each of them has inherent limitations. The present review outlines all the possible pitfalls that can be encountered during the analysis of these compounds and aims to be a valuable help for the analytical chemist.
Graphical abstract |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3 |
| format | Article |
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9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), etc. Although it might appear as a trivial analysis, it is rather a tricky task. Phytocannabinoids are present mostly as carboxylated species at the aromatic ring of the resorcinyl moiety. Their decarboxylation caused by heat leads to a greater analytical variability due to both reaction kinetics and possible decomposition. Moreover, the instability of cannabinoids and the variability in the sample preparation, extraction, and analysis, as well as the presence of isomeric forms of cannabinoids, complicates the scenario. A critical evaluation of the different analytical methods proposed in the literature points out that each of them has inherent limitations. The present review outlines all the possible pitfalls that can be encountered during the analysis of these compounds and aims to be a valuable help for the analytical chemist.
Graphical abstract</description><identifier>ISSN: 1618-2642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-2650</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32285185</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Analytical Chemistry ; Aromatic compounds ; Biochemistry ; Cannabinoids ; Cannabinoids - analysis ; Cannabis ; Cannabis - chemistry ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Chemical analysis ; Chemical reaction, Rate of ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods ; Chromatography, Gas - methods ; Chromatography, Liquid - methods ; Decarboxylation ; Decomposition reactions ; Food Science ; Inflorescence - chemistry ; Laboratory Medicine ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods ; Marijuana ; Mass Spectrometry - methods ; Mathematical analysis ; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis ; Plant Extracts - chemistry ; Qualitative analysis ; Reaction kinetics ; Review ; Sample preparation ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods ; Tetrahydrocannabinol</subject><ispartof>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2020-07, Vol.412 (17), p.4009-4022</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Springer</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-24b205332ca56069d97bfae1114de1f23b866c0eb517cf7bd66846951da7ba943</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c545t-24b205332ca56069d97bfae1114de1f23b866c0eb517cf7bd66846951da7ba943</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924,41487,42556,51318</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32285185$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Citti, Cinzia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russo, Fabiana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sgrò, Salvatore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gallo, Alfonso</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zanotto, Antonio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forni, Flavio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vandelli, Maria Angela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Laganà, Aldo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montone, Carmela Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gigli, Giuseppe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cannazza, Giuseppe</creatorcontrib><title>Pitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence</title><title>Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry</title><addtitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</addtitle><addtitle>Anal Bioanal Chem</addtitle><description>The chemical analysis of cannabis potency involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the main phytocannabinoids: Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), etc. Although it might appear as a trivial analysis, it is rather a tricky task. Phytocannabinoids are present mostly as carboxylated species at the aromatic ring of the resorcinyl moiety. Their decarboxylation caused by heat leads to a greater analytical variability due to both reaction kinetics and possible decomposition. Moreover, the instability of cannabinoids and the variability in the sample preparation, extraction, and analysis, as well as the presence of isomeric forms of cannabinoids, complicates the scenario. A critical evaluation of the different analytical methods proposed in the literature points out that each of them has inherent limitations. The present review outlines all the possible pitfalls that can be encountered during the analysis of these compounds and aims to be a valuable help for the analytical chemist.
Graphical abstract</description><subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject><subject>Aromatic compounds</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Cannabinoids</subject><subject>Cannabinoids - analysis</subject><subject>Cannabis</subject><subject>Cannabis - chemistry</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>Chemical reaction, Rate of</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods</subject><subject>Chromatography, Gas - methods</subject><subject>Chromatography, Liquid - methods</subject><subject>Decarboxylation</subject><subject>Decomposition reactions</subject><subject>Food Science</subject><subject>Inflorescence - chemistry</subject><subject>Laboratory Medicine</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods</subject><subject>Marijuana</subject><subject>Mass Spectrometry - methods</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - chemistry</subject><subject>Qualitative analysis</subject><subject>Reaction kinetics</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Sample preparation</subject><subject>Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - 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Chem</addtitle><date>2020-07-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>412</volume><issue>17</issue><spage>4009</spage><epage>4022</epage><pages>4009-4022</pages><issn>1618-2642</issn><eissn>1618-2650</eissn><abstract>The chemical analysis of cannabis potency involves the qualitative and quantitative determination of the main phytocannabinoids: Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ
9
-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), etc. Although it might appear as a trivial analysis, it is rather a tricky task. Phytocannabinoids are present mostly as carboxylated species at the aromatic ring of the resorcinyl moiety. Their decarboxylation caused by heat leads to a greater analytical variability due to both reaction kinetics and possible decomposition. Moreover, the instability of cannabinoids and the variability in the sample preparation, extraction, and analysis, as well as the presence of isomeric forms of cannabinoids, complicates the scenario. A critical evaluation of the different analytical methods proposed in the literature points out that each of them has inherent limitations. The present review outlines all the possible pitfalls that can be encountered during the analysis of these compounds and aims to be a valuable help for the analytical chemist.
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| subjects | Analytical Chemistry Aromatic compounds Biochemistry Cannabinoids Cannabinoids - analysis Cannabis Cannabis - chemistry Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemical analysis Chemical reaction, Rate of Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods Chromatography, Gas - methods Chromatography, Liquid - methods Decarboxylation Decomposition reactions Food Science Inflorescence - chemistry Laboratory Medicine Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - methods Marijuana Mass Spectrometry - methods Mathematical analysis Monitoring/Environmental Analysis Plant Extracts - chemistry Qualitative analysis Reaction kinetics Review Sample preparation Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared - methods Tetrahydrocannabinol |
| title | Pitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence |
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