Measuring impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease: a correlational and structural neuroimaging study using different tests

Background and purpose Impulsivity is an aspect of personality and a major component of multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. In Parkinson’s disease, it has been associated with the expression of impulse control disorders, a highly prevalent non‐motor complication. Even though multiple tests of impulsivity have been used in this context, the impact of test choice has not been addressed. The aim was to evaluate whether different impulsivity measures in Parkinson’s disease share substantial inter‐scale and anatomical correlations or rather mirror different underlying phenomena. Methods In a consecutive sample of 89 Parkinson’s disease patients without impulse control disorders, four common tests were evaluated assessing different aspects of impulsivity: impulsiveness trait, decisions under implicit risk with and without losses, and delay discounting. Correlations among test scores were analysed and each score was used as a regressor in a set of grey matter volume (GMV) voxel‐based morphometry analyses to explore their brain structural correlates. Results No significant correlations were found between the different impulsivity tests. Furthermore, their structural brain correlates were divergent. Impulsiveness trait appeared to be associated with lower GMV in dorsal–lateral prefrontal cortices, implicit risk (with losses) with higher GMV in the left nucleus accumbens and lower left insular GMV, implicit risk (without losses) with higher GMV in the left lingual gyrus and lower GMV in the gyri recti and delay discounting with higher GMV in the left nucleus accumbens. Conclusions In Parkinson’s disease, different impulsivity measures reflect very dissimilar behavioural and brain structural correlates. Our results suggest that parkinsonian impulsivity is not a unitary phenomenon but rather a heterogeneous entity.