Melanization induced by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h promotes viral replication
Melanization is an important innate immune defense mechanism of insects, which can kill invading pathogens. Most pathogens, for their survival and reproduction, inhibit the melanization of the host. Interestingly, our results suggested that after infection with Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Insect science 2021-04, Vol.28 (2), p.472-484 |
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| creator | Li, Zi‐Qi Song, Xiao‐Hui Wang, Min Wang, Shu Huang, Guo‐Hua |
| description | Melanization is an important innate immune defense mechanism of insects, which can kill invading pathogens. Most pathogens, for their survival and reproduction, inhibit the melanization of the host. Interestingly, our results suggested that after infection with Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV‐3h), the speed of melanization in infected Spodoptera exigua larval hemolymph was accelerated and that the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of hemolymph in larvae infected with HvAV‐3h increased significantly (1.20‐fold at 96 hpi, 1.52‐fold at 120 hpi, 1.23‐fold at 144 hpi, 1.12‐fold at 168 hpi). The transcription level of the gene encoding S. exigua prophenoloxidase‐1 (SePPO‐1 gene) was upregulated dramatically in the fat body during the middle stage of infection. In addition, when melanization was inhibited or promoted, the replication of HvAV‐3h was inhibited or promoted, respectively. In conclusion, infection with HvAV‐3h can markedly induce melanization in the middle stage of infection, and melanization is helpful for HvAV‐3h viral replication. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/1744-7917.12786 |
| format | Article |
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Most pathogens, for their survival and reproduction, inhibit the melanization of the host. Interestingly, our results suggested that after infection with Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV‐3h), the speed of melanization in infected Spodoptera exigua larval hemolymph was accelerated and that the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of hemolymph in larvae infected with HvAV‐3h increased significantly (1.20‐fold at 96 hpi, 1.52‐fold at 120 hpi, 1.23‐fold at 144 hpi, 1.12‐fold at 168 hpi). The transcription level of the gene encoding S. exigua prophenoloxidase‐1 (SePPO‐1 gene) was upregulated dramatically in the fat body during the middle stage of infection. In addition, when melanization was inhibited or promoted, the replication of HvAV‐3h was inhibited or promoted, respectively. In conclusion, infection with HvAV‐3h can markedly induce melanization in the middle stage of infection, and melanization is helpful for HvAV‐3h viral replication.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1672-9609</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1744-7917</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12786</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32243720</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Australia: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Ascoviridae - physiology ; Fat body ; Heliothis virescens ; Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h ; Hemolymph ; Immune system ; Infections ; Insects ; Larva - growth & development ; Larva - immunology ; Larva - virology ; Larvae ; Melanization ; Moths - growth & development ; Moths - immunology ; Moths - virology ; Pathogens ; Phenoloxidase ; Prophenoloxidase ; Replication ; Spodoptera exigua ; Transcription ; viral replication ; Virus Replication</subject><ispartof>Insect science, 2021-04, Vol.28 (2), p.472-484</ispartof><rights>2020 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</rights><rights>2020 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.</rights><rights>2021 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4376-1f5101ad9c80dae55f7ebfc4d5392cbe6e9b03ffba9b9fe1a8fccf920a9896453</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4376-1f5101ad9c80dae55f7ebfc4d5392cbe6e9b03ffba9b9fe1a8fccf920a9896453</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6841-0095</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2F1744-7917.12786$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2F1744-7917.12786$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32243720$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Li, Zi‐Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Xiao‐Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Shu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Guo‐Hua</creatorcontrib><title>Melanization induced by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h promotes viral replication</title><title>Insect science</title><addtitle>Insect Sci</addtitle><description>Melanization is an important innate immune defense mechanism of insects, which can kill invading pathogens. Most pathogens, for their survival and reproduction, inhibit the melanization of the host. Interestingly, our results suggested that after infection with Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV‐3h), the speed of melanization in infected Spodoptera exigua larval hemolymph was accelerated and that the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of hemolymph in larvae infected with HvAV‐3h increased significantly (1.20‐fold at 96 hpi, 1.52‐fold at 120 hpi, 1.23‐fold at 144 hpi, 1.12‐fold at 168 hpi). The transcription level of the gene encoding S. exigua prophenoloxidase‐1 (SePPO‐1 gene) was upregulated dramatically in the fat body during the middle stage of infection. In addition, when melanization was inhibited or promoted, the replication of HvAV‐3h was inhibited or promoted, respectively. In conclusion, infection with HvAV‐3h can markedly induce melanization in the middle stage of infection, and melanization is helpful for HvAV‐3h viral replication.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Ascoviridae - physiology</subject><subject>Fat body</subject><subject>Heliothis virescens</subject><subject>Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h</subject><subject>Hemolymph</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Larva - growth & development</subject><subject>Larva - immunology</subject><subject>Larva - virology</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Melanization</subject><subject>Moths - growth & development</subject><subject>Moths - immunology</subject><subject>Moths - virology</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Phenoloxidase</subject><subject>Prophenoloxidase</subject><subject>Replication</subject><subject>Spodoptera exigua</subject><subject>Transcription</subject><subject>viral replication</subject><subject>Virus Replication</subject><issn>1672-9609</issn><issn>1744-7917</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkL1PwzAQxS0EoqUwsyFLLCxpbSdx4hFVQCsVGAqz5Thn1VU-StyAyl-P05QOLHg5-_y75-eH0DUlY-rXhCZRFCSCJmPKkpSfoOGxc-r3PGGB4EQM0IVza0JCwQQ7R4OQsShMGBmi5TMUqrLfamvrCtsqbzXkONvhGRS23q6sw5-2Aaehclg5XftT63C4wpumLust7O9VgRvYFFbvZS7RmVGFg6tDHaH3x4e36SxYvD7Np_eLQPvHeUBNTAlVudApyRXEsUkgMzrKY29TZ8BBZCQ0JlMiEwaoSo3WRjCiRCp4FIcjdNfreisfLbitLK03WvgPQd06ycKUszSKeYfe_kHXddtU3p1kUSooiyOWemrSU7qpnWvAyE1jS9XsJCWyy1t26couXbnP20_cHHTbrIT8yP8G7IG4B75sAbv_9OT8ZdkL_wAw4otG</recordid><startdate>202104</startdate><enddate>202104</enddate><creator>Li, Zi‐Qi</creator><creator>Song, Xiao‐Hui</creator><creator>Wang, Min</creator><creator>Wang, Shu</creator><creator>Huang, Guo‐Hua</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-0095</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202104</creationdate><title>Melanization induced by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h promotes viral replication</title><author>Li, Zi‐Qi ; Song, Xiao‐Hui ; Wang, Min ; Wang, Shu ; Huang, Guo‐Hua</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4376-1f5101ad9c80dae55f7ebfc4d5392cbe6e9b03ffba9b9fe1a8fccf920a9896453</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Ascoviridae - physiology</topic><topic>Fat body</topic><topic>Heliothis virescens</topic><topic>Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h</topic><topic>Hemolymph</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>Larva - growth & development</topic><topic>Larva - immunology</topic><topic>Larva - virology</topic><topic>Larvae</topic><topic>Melanization</topic><topic>Moths - growth & development</topic><topic>Moths - immunology</topic><topic>Moths - virology</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Phenoloxidase</topic><topic>Prophenoloxidase</topic><topic>Replication</topic><topic>Spodoptera exigua</topic><topic>Transcription</topic><topic>viral replication</topic><topic>Virus Replication</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Li, Zi‐Qi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Xiao‐Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Shu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Guo‐Hua</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Insect science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, Zi‐Qi</au><au>Song, Xiao‐Hui</au><au>Wang, Min</au><au>Wang, Shu</au><au>Huang, Guo‐Hua</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Melanization induced by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h promotes viral replication</atitle><jtitle>Insect science</jtitle><addtitle>Insect Sci</addtitle><date>2021-04</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>472</spage><epage>484</epage><pages>472-484</pages><issn>1672-9609</issn><eissn>1744-7917</eissn><abstract>Melanization is an important innate immune defense mechanism of insects, which can kill invading pathogens. Most pathogens, for their survival and reproduction, inhibit the melanization of the host. Interestingly, our results suggested that after infection with Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV‐3h), the speed of melanization in infected Spodoptera exigua larval hemolymph was accelerated and that the phenoloxidase (PO) activity of hemolymph in larvae infected with HvAV‐3h increased significantly (1.20‐fold at 96 hpi, 1.52‐fold at 120 hpi, 1.23‐fold at 144 hpi, 1.12‐fold at 168 hpi). The transcription level of the gene encoding S. exigua prophenoloxidase‐1 (SePPO‐1 gene) was upregulated dramatically in the fat body during the middle stage of infection. In addition, when melanization was inhibited or promoted, the replication of HvAV‐3h was inhibited or promoted, respectively. In conclusion, infection with HvAV‐3h can markedly induce melanization in the middle stage of infection, and melanization is helpful for HvAV‐3h viral replication.</abstract><cop>Australia</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>32243720</pmid><doi>10.1111/1744-7917.12786</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6841-0095</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Ascoviridae - physiology Fat body Heliothis virescens Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h Hemolymph Immune system Infections Insects Larva - growth & development Larva - immunology Larva - virology Larvae Melanization Moths - growth & development Moths - immunology Moths - virology Pathogens Phenoloxidase Prophenoloxidase Replication Spodoptera exigua Transcription viral replication Virus Replication |
| title | Melanization induced by Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h promotes viral replication |
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