The metabolic power required to support body weight and accelerate body mass changes during walking on uphill and downhill slopes
The metabolic cost of walking is due to muscle force generated to support body weight (BW), external work performed to redirect and accelerate the center of mass (CoM), and internal work performed to swing the limbs and maintain balance. We hypothesized that BW support would incur a greater and lowe...
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| description | The metabolic cost of walking is due to muscle force generated to support body weight (BW), external work performed to redirect and accelerate the center of mass (CoM), and internal work performed to swing the limbs and maintain balance. We hypothesized that BW support would incur a greater and lower percentage of Net Metabolic Power (NMP) for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively, compared to level-ground walking. Additionally, we hypothesized that mass redirection would incur a greater and lower percentage of NMP for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively compared to level-ground walking. 10 subjects walked at 1.25 m/s on 0°, ±3°, and ±6° slopes with reduced/added weight and added mass while we measured metabolic rates. We calculated NMP per Newton of reduced BW at each slope and found that BW support required 58% and 64% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both greater than the 15% required for level-ground walking (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109667 |
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We hypothesized that BW support would incur a greater and lower percentage of Net Metabolic Power (NMP) for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively, compared to level-ground walking. Additionally, we hypothesized that mass redirection would incur a greater and lower percentage of NMP for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively compared to level-ground walking. 10 subjects walked at 1.25 m/s on 0°, ±3°, and ±6° slopes with reduced/added weight and added mass while we measured metabolic rates. We calculated NMP per Newton of reduced BW at each slope and found that BW support required 58% and 64% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both greater than the 15% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We calculated NMP per kg of added mass at each slope and found that mass redirection required 19% and 23% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both lower than the 35% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We found no significant differences in the percentage of NMP for BW support or mass redirection during downhill compared to level ground walking (p > 0.05). Our findings elucidate that the percentage of NMP attributed to BW support and mass redirection is different for sloped compared to level-ground walking. These results inform biomimetic assistive device designs aimed at reducing metabolic cost.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-9290</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2380</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109667</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32063278</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Added load ; Balance ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomechanics ; Biomimetics ; Body mass ; Body Weight ; Energetic cost ; Energy ; Gait ; Gravity ; Humans ; Legs ; Mathematical analysis ; Metabolic rate ; Metabolism ; Muscle contraction ; Muscles ; Reduced gravity ; Slopes ; Walking ; Weight reduction</subject><ispartof>Journal of biomechanics, 2020-04, Vol.103, p.109667-109667, Article 109667</ispartof><rights>2020 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2020. Elsevier Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-97b786a54d08d6362ec5c9597f32d599d5e43bc5ab2a306b6c612b7ae9e82a3a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-97b786a54d08d6362ec5c9597f32d599d5e43bc5ab2a306b6c612b7ae9e82a3a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6566-5116</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929020300798$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32063278$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zai, Claire Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grabowski, Alena M.</creatorcontrib><title>The metabolic power required to support body weight and accelerate body mass changes during walking on uphill and downhill slopes</title><title>Journal of biomechanics</title><addtitle>J Biomech</addtitle><description>The metabolic cost of walking is due to muscle force generated to support body weight (BW), external work performed to redirect and accelerate the center of mass (CoM), and internal work performed to swing the limbs and maintain balance. We hypothesized that BW support would incur a greater and lower percentage of Net Metabolic Power (NMP) for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively, compared to level-ground walking. Additionally, we hypothesized that mass redirection would incur a greater and lower percentage of NMP for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively compared to level-ground walking. 10 subjects walked at 1.25 m/s on 0°, ±3°, and ±6° slopes with reduced/added weight and added mass while we measured metabolic rates. We calculated NMP per Newton of reduced BW at each slope and found that BW support required 58% and 64% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both greater than the 15% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We calculated NMP per kg of added mass at each slope and found that mass redirection required 19% and 23% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both lower than the 35% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We found no significant differences in the percentage of NMP for BW support or mass redirection during downhill compared to level ground walking (p > 0.05). Our findings elucidate that the percentage of NMP attributed to BW support and mass redirection is different for sloped compared to level-ground walking. These results inform biomimetic assistive device designs aimed at reducing metabolic cost.</description><subject>Added load</subject><subject>Balance</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Biomimetics</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Body Weight</subject><subject>Energetic cost</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Gait</subject><subject>Gravity</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Legs</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Metabolic rate</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Muscle contraction</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Reduced gravity</subject><subject>Slopes</subject><subject>Walking</subject><subject>Weight reduction</subject><issn>0021-9290</issn><issn>1873-2380</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkUtv1DAURi0EokPhL1SW2LDJ4EdixztQxUuqxKasLT_uTBySOLUTRl3yz_E0LQs2rK58fb7rx0HoipI9JVS87_e9DXEE1-0ZYeemEkI-QzvaSl4x3pLnaEcIo5ViilygVzn3hBBZS_USXXBGBGey3aHftx3gERZj4xAcnuMJEk5wt4YEHi8R53WeY1qwjf4enyAcuwWbyWPjHAyQzALb1mhyxq4z0xEy9msK0xGfzPDzXOOE17kLw_CQ9PE0PSzyEGfIr9GLgxkyvHmsl-jH50-311-rm-9fvl1_vKkcV2KplLSyFaapPWm94IKBa5xqlDxw5hulfAM1t64xlhlOhBVOUGalAQVt6Rh-id5tc-cU71bIix5DLm8YzARxzZrxRjRtXfOmoG__Qfu4pqncTrOaSkIlpbRQYqNcijknOOg5hdGke02JPkvSvX6SpM-S9CapBK8ex692BP839mSlAB82AMp__AqQdHYBJge-WHGL9jH874w_q3unqw</recordid><startdate>20200416</startdate><enddate>20200416</enddate><creator>Zai, Claire Z.</creator><creator>Grabowski, Alena M.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-5116</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200416</creationdate><title>The metabolic power required to support body weight and accelerate body mass changes during walking on uphill and downhill slopes</title><author>Zai, Claire Z. ; Grabowski, Alena M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c396t-97b786a54d08d6362ec5c9597f32d599d5e43bc5ab2a306b6c612b7ae9e82a3a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Added load</topic><topic>Balance</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Biomimetics</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Body Weight</topic><topic>Energetic cost</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Gait</topic><topic>Gravity</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Legs</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Metabolic rate</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Muscle contraction</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Reduced gravity</topic><topic>Slopes</topic><topic>Walking</topic><topic>Weight reduction</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zai, Claire Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grabowski, Alena M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Complete (ProQuest Database)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biological Sciences</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of biomechanics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zai, Claire Z.</au><au>Grabowski, Alena M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The metabolic power required to support body weight and accelerate body mass changes during walking on uphill and downhill slopes</atitle><jtitle>Journal of biomechanics</jtitle><addtitle>J Biomech</addtitle><date>2020-04-16</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>103</volume><spage>109667</spage><epage>109667</epage><pages>109667-109667</pages><artnum>109667</artnum><issn>0021-9290</issn><eissn>1873-2380</eissn><abstract>The metabolic cost of walking is due to muscle force generated to support body weight (BW), external work performed to redirect and accelerate the center of mass (CoM), and internal work performed to swing the limbs and maintain balance. We hypothesized that BW support would incur a greater and lower percentage of Net Metabolic Power (NMP) for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively, compared to level-ground walking. Additionally, we hypothesized that mass redirection would incur a greater and lower percentage of NMP for uphill and downhill slopes, respectively compared to level-ground walking. 10 subjects walked at 1.25 m/s on 0°, ±3°, and ±6° slopes with reduced/added weight and added mass while we measured metabolic rates. We calculated NMP per Newton of reduced BW at each slope and found that BW support required 58% and 64% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both greater than the 15% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We calculated NMP per kg of added mass at each slope and found that mass redirection required 19% and 23% of the NMP to walk at +3° and +6°, respectively, both lower than the 35% required for level-ground walking (p < 0.025). We found no significant differences in the percentage of NMP for BW support or mass redirection during downhill compared to level ground walking (p > 0.05). Our findings elucidate that the percentage of NMP attributed to BW support and mass redirection is different for sloped compared to level-ground walking. These results inform biomimetic assistive device designs aimed at reducing metabolic cost.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>32063278</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109667</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-5116</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of biomechanics, 2020-04, Vol.103, p.109667-109667, Article 109667 |
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| subjects | Added load Balance Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics Biomimetics Body mass Body Weight Energetic cost Energy Gait Gravity Humans Legs Mathematical analysis Metabolic rate Metabolism Muscle contraction Muscles Reduced gravity Slopes Walking Weight reduction |
| title | The metabolic power required to support body weight and accelerate body mass changes during walking on uphill and downhill slopes |
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