Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study
Purpose Preliminary to evaluate geometric indices (vessel sphericity and cylindricity) for volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy and diabetic eyes. Methods Twenty-six eyes of 13 healthy subjects and 12 eyes of patients with central ischemic, non-proliferative dia...
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| creator | Maloca, Peter M. Spaide, Richard F. de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos Studer, Harald P. W Hasler, Pascal Scholl, Hendrik P. N. Heeren, Tjebo F. C. Schottenhamml, Julia Balaskas, Konstantinos Tufail, Adnan Egan, Catherine |
| description | Purpose
Preliminary to evaluate geometric indices (vessel sphericity and cylindricity) for volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy and diabetic eyes.
Methods
Twenty-six eyes of 13 healthy subjects and 12 eyes of patients with central ischemic, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included. OCTA volume and surface area of the foveal vessels were measured and compared to determine OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices and surface efficiency (SE).
Results
The overall average OCTA volume in healthy was 0.49 ± 0.09 mm
3
(standard deviation [SD]), compared to 0.44 ± 0.07 mm
3
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 0.06 mm
3
,
p
= 0.054). The overall average OCTA surface area in the healthy eyes was 87.731 ± 9.51 mm
2
(SD), compared to 76.65 ± 13.67 mm
2
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 11.08 mm
2
, p
= 0.021). In relation to total foveolar tissue volume, the proportion of blood vessels was 22% in healthy individuals and only 20% in diabetics. The difference between the groups was more pronounced with respect to the total OCTA surface area, with a decrease of 13% in diabetics. A diabetic eye was most likely using geometric vessel indices analysis if the sphericity value was ≥ 0.190, with a cylindricity factor of ≥ 0.001. Reproducibility of the method was good.
Conclusions
A method for OCTA surface area and volume measurements was developed. The application of the novel OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices could be suitable as temporal biomarker to characterize stable disease or disease progression and may contribute to a better understanding in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00417-019-04582-x |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2334239822</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2334239822</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-1388bf73df861faabf5de65050d7f128bdad797a3b188cd54a2381cc1a8a66333</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc9u1DAQxi0EotvCC_SALHHh4uI_SezlhqrSVqrgQqXeLMeebN0mdrCTqnkfHrTe7hYkDpxmNPp934zmQ-iY0RNGqfycKa2YJJStCa1qxcnjK7RilaiJpPzmNVpRyRlRgt8coMOc72jhRc3eogPB1lQ2FV-h39_jA_S49XEw6R4Sjh3O4y0kb_20YBMctkvvg9sPSuct5FLxQ-znAUiC4AoeNjiOk7emxzYWPQQLeIpD3CQz3m6dNv6lL-IQ01DQrb_zpoWixLBA_oINHhP0fvDBpAXnaXbLO_SmM32G9_t6hK6_nf08vSBXP84vT79eEStkPREmlGo7KVynGtYZ03a1g6amNXWyY1y1zji5lka0TCnr6spwoZi1zCjTNEKII_Rp5zum-GuGPOnBZwt9bwLEOWsuRMXFWnFe0I__oHdxTqFcVygpKeMNl4XiO8qmmHOCTo_Jl0cvmlG9zVDvMtQlQ_2coX4sog9767kdwP2RvIRWALED8rj9O6S_u_9j-wQnmqwx</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2377012627</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Maloca, Peter M. ; Spaide, Richard F. ; de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos ; Studer, Harald P. ; W Hasler, Pascal ; Scholl, Hendrik P. N. ; Heeren, Tjebo F. C. ; Schottenhamml, Julia ; Balaskas, Konstantinos ; Tufail, Adnan ; Egan, Catherine</creator><creatorcontrib>Maloca, Peter M. ; Spaide, Richard F. ; de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos ; Studer, Harald P. ; W Hasler, Pascal ; Scholl, Hendrik P. N. ; Heeren, Tjebo F. C. ; Schottenhamml, Julia ; Balaskas, Konstantinos ; Tufail, Adnan ; Egan, Catherine ; IOB study group</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Preliminary to evaluate geometric indices (vessel sphericity and cylindricity) for volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy and diabetic eyes.
Methods
Twenty-six eyes of 13 healthy subjects and 12 eyes of patients with central ischemic, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included. OCTA volume and surface area of the foveal vessels were measured and compared to determine OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices and surface efficiency (SE).
Results
The overall average OCTA volume in healthy was 0.49 ± 0.09 mm
3
(standard deviation [SD]), compared to 0.44 ± 0.07 mm
3
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 0.06 mm
3
,
p
= 0.054). The overall average OCTA surface area in the healthy eyes was 87.731 ± 9.51 mm
2
(SD), compared to 76.65 ± 13.67 mm
2
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 11.08 mm
2
, p
= 0.021). In relation to total foveolar tissue volume, the proportion of blood vessels was 22% in healthy individuals and only 20% in diabetics. The difference between the groups was more pronounced with respect to the total OCTA surface area, with a decrease of 13% in diabetics. A diabetic eye was most likely using geometric vessel indices analysis if the sphericity value was ≥ 0.190, with a cylindricity factor of ≥ 0.001. Reproducibility of the method was good.
Conclusions
A method for OCTA surface area and volume measurements was developed. The application of the novel OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices could be suitable as temporal biomarker to characterize stable disease or disease progression and may contribute to a better understanding in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0721-832X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1435-702X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04582-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31907642</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adult ; Angiography ; Biomarkers ; Blood vessels ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetic retinopathy ; Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis ; Diabetic Retinopathy - physiopathology ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography - methods ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fovea Centralis - diagnostic imaging ; Fovea Centralis - physiopathology ; Fundus Oculi ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Ophthalmology ; Regional Blood Flow - physiology ; Retinal Disorders ; Retinal Vessels - diagnostic imaging ; Retinal Vessels - physiopathology ; Retinopathy ; Retrospective Studies ; Surface area ; Tomography ; Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 2020-04, Vol.258 (4), p.711-723</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology is a copyright of Springer, (2020). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-1388bf73df861faabf5de65050d7f128bdad797a3b188cd54a2381cc1a8a66333</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-1388bf73df861faabf5de65050d7f128bdad797a3b188cd54a2381cc1a8a66333</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4794-5859</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00417-019-04582-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00417-019-04582-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31907642$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Maloca, Peter M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spaide, Richard F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Studer, Harald P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>W Hasler, Pascal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scholl, Hendrik P. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heeren, Tjebo F. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schottenhamml, Julia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balaskas, Konstantinos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tufail, Adnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>IOB study group</creatorcontrib><title>Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study</title><title>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</title><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><description>Purpose
Preliminary to evaluate geometric indices (vessel sphericity and cylindricity) for volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy and diabetic eyes.
Methods
Twenty-six eyes of 13 healthy subjects and 12 eyes of patients with central ischemic, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included. OCTA volume and surface area of the foveal vessels were measured and compared to determine OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices and surface efficiency (SE).
Results
The overall average OCTA volume in healthy was 0.49 ± 0.09 mm
3
(standard deviation [SD]), compared to 0.44 ± 0.07 mm
3
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 0.06 mm
3
,
p
= 0.054). The overall average OCTA surface area in the healthy eyes was 87.731 ± 9.51 mm
2
(SD), compared to 76.65 ± 13.67 mm
2
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 11.08 mm
2
, p
= 0.021). In relation to total foveolar tissue volume, the proportion of blood vessels was 22% in healthy individuals and only 20% in diabetics. The difference between the groups was more pronounced with respect to the total OCTA surface area, with a decrease of 13% in diabetics. A diabetic eye was most likely using geometric vessel indices analysis if the sphericity value was ≥ 0.190, with a cylindricity factor of ≥ 0.001. Reproducibility of the method was good.
Conclusions
A method for OCTA surface area and volume measurements was developed. The application of the novel OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices could be suitable as temporal biomarker to characterize stable disease or disease progression and may contribute to a better understanding in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Angiography</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Blood vessels</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Diabetic retinopathy</subject><subject>Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis</subject><subject>Diabetic Retinopathy - physiopathology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fluorescein Angiography - methods</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Fovea Centralis - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Fovea Centralis - physiopathology</subject><subject>Fundus Oculi</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Ischemia</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Ophthalmology</subject><subject>Regional Blood Flow - physiology</subject><subject>Retinal Disorders</subject><subject>Retinal Vessels - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Retinal Vessels - physiopathology</subject><subject>Retinopathy</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Surface area</subject><subject>Tomography</subject><subject>Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0721-832X</issn><issn>1435-702X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc9u1DAQxi0EotvCC_SALHHh4uI_SezlhqrSVqrgQqXeLMeebN0mdrCTqnkfHrTe7hYkDpxmNPp934zmQ-iY0RNGqfycKa2YJJStCa1qxcnjK7RilaiJpPzmNVpRyRlRgt8coMOc72jhRc3eogPB1lQ2FV-h39_jA_S49XEw6R4Sjh3O4y0kb_20YBMctkvvg9sPSuct5FLxQ-znAUiC4AoeNjiOk7emxzYWPQQLeIpD3CQz3m6dNv6lL-IQ01DQrb_zpoWixLBA_oINHhP0fvDBpAXnaXbLO_SmM32G9_t6hK6_nf08vSBXP84vT79eEStkPREmlGo7KVynGtYZ03a1g6amNXWyY1y1zji5lka0TCnr6spwoZi1zCjTNEKII_Rp5zum-GuGPOnBZwt9bwLEOWsuRMXFWnFe0I__oHdxTqFcVygpKeMNl4XiO8qmmHOCTo_Jl0cvmlG9zVDvMtQlQ_2coX4sog9767kdwP2RvIRWALED8rj9O6S_u_9j-wQnmqwx</recordid><startdate>20200401</startdate><enddate>20200401</enddate><creator>Maloca, Peter M.</creator><creator>Spaide, Richard F.</creator><creator>de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos</creator><creator>Studer, Harald P.</creator><creator>W Hasler, Pascal</creator><creator>Scholl, Hendrik P. N.</creator><creator>Heeren, Tjebo F. C.</creator><creator>Schottenhamml, Julia</creator><creator>Balaskas, Konstantinos</creator><creator>Tufail, Adnan</creator><creator>Egan, Catherine</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-5859</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200401</creationdate><title>Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study</title><author>Maloca, Peter M. ; Spaide, Richard F. ; de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos ; Studer, Harald P. ; W Hasler, Pascal ; Scholl, Hendrik P. N. ; Heeren, Tjebo F. C. ; Schottenhamml, Julia ; Balaskas, Konstantinos ; Tufail, Adnan ; Egan, Catherine</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-1388bf73df861faabf5de65050d7f128bdad797a3b188cd54a2381cc1a8a66333</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Angiography</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Blood vessels</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus</topic><topic>Diabetic retinopathy</topic><topic>Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis</topic><topic>Diabetic Retinopathy - physiopathology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fluorescein Angiography - methods</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Fovea Centralis - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Fovea Centralis - physiopathology</topic><topic>Fundus Oculi</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Ischemia</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Ophthalmology</topic><topic>Regional Blood Flow - physiology</topic><topic>Retinal Disorders</topic><topic>Retinal Vessels - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Retinal Vessels - physiopathology</topic><topic>Retinopathy</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Surface area</topic><topic>Tomography</topic><topic>Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Maloca, Peter M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Spaide, Richard F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Studer, Harald P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>W Hasler, Pascal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scholl, Hendrik P. N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heeren, Tjebo F. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schottenhamml, Julia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balaskas, Konstantinos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tufail, Adnan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>IOB study group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Maloca, Peter M.</au><au>Spaide, Richard F.</au><au>de Carvalho, Emanuel Ramos</au><au>Studer, Harald P.</au><au>W Hasler, Pascal</au><au>Scholl, Hendrik P. N.</au><au>Heeren, Tjebo F. C.</au><au>Schottenhamml, Julia</au><au>Balaskas, Konstantinos</au><au>Tufail, Adnan</au><au>Egan, Catherine</au><aucorp>IOB study group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study</atitle><jtitle>Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology</jtitle><stitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</stitle><addtitle>Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol</addtitle><date>2020-04-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>258</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>711</spage><epage>723</epage><pages>711-723</pages><issn>0721-832X</issn><eissn>1435-702X</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Preliminary to evaluate geometric indices (vessel sphericity and cylindricity) for volume-rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy and diabetic eyes.
Methods
Twenty-six eyes of 13 healthy subjects and 12 eyes of patients with central ischemic, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included. OCTA volume and surface area of the foveal vessels were measured and compared to determine OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices and surface efficiency (SE).
Results
The overall average OCTA volume in healthy was 0.49 ± 0.09 mm
3
(standard deviation [SD]), compared to 0.44 ± 0.07 mm
3
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 0.06 mm
3
,
p
= 0.054). The overall average OCTA surface area in the healthy eyes was 87.731 ± 9.51 mm
2
(SD), compared to 76.65 ± 13.67 mm
2
(SD) in the diabetic eyes (difference in means 11.08 mm
2
, p
= 0.021). In relation to total foveolar tissue volume, the proportion of blood vessels was 22% in healthy individuals and only 20% in diabetics. The difference between the groups was more pronounced with respect to the total OCTA surface area, with a decrease of 13% in diabetics. A diabetic eye was most likely using geometric vessel indices analysis if the sphericity value was ≥ 0.190, with a cylindricity factor of ≥ 0.001. Reproducibility of the method was good.
Conclusions
A method for OCTA surface area and volume measurements was developed. The application of the novel OCTA sphericity and cylindricity indices could be suitable as temporal biomarker to characterize stable disease or disease progression and may contribute to a better understanding in the evolution of diabetic retinopathy.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>31907642</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00417-019-04582-x</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4794-5859</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0721-832X |
| ispartof | Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology, 2020-04, Vol.258 (4), p.711-723 |
| issn | 0721-832X 1435-702X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Adult Angiography Biomarkers Blood vessels Cross-Sectional Studies Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis Diabetic Retinopathy - physiopathology Female Fluorescein Angiography - methods Follow-Up Studies Fovea Centralis - diagnostic imaging Fovea Centralis - physiopathology Fundus Oculi Humans Ischemia Male Medical imaging Medicine Medicine & Public Health Ophthalmology Regional Blood Flow - physiology Retinal Disorders Retinal Vessels - diagnostic imaging Retinal Vessels - physiopathology Retinopathy Retrospective Studies Surface area Tomography Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods Young Adult |
| title | Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study |
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