Systematic Literature Review of the Burden of Disease and Treatment for Transfusion-dependent β-Thalassemia

β-Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced or no production of adult hemoglobin. Systematic identification of the burden of β-thalassemia with contemporary treatments is lacking in published literature. Thus, a gap exists in understanding the baseline burden on which to assess future treatments. Therefore, a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed to assess management and outcomes in patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) who received long-term transfusion regimens. Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and 5 conference websites were conducted to identify clinical-practice studies in Italy, France, Germany, Greece, the United States, and the United Kingdom, published since January 2007. The review found 135 articles meeting the SLR criteria. Among patients carrying 2 β-thalassemia mutations, 64%–89% underwent regular transfusions at intervals of between 2 and 4 weeks. Transfusion-associated complications that were reported included iron overload, transfusion reactions, alloimmunization, and infections. Analyses of 42, 25, and 73 studies reporting liver iron concentration (median, 8.5 mg/g of dry weight [dw]; interquartile range [IQR], 4.5–11.0 mg/g dw), cardiac T2* magnetic resonance imaging (median, 27.4 ms; IQR, 26.0–30.2 ms), and serum ferritin (median, 1465.0 ng/mL; IQR, 1238.2–1797.0 ng/mL), respectively, showed wide ranges in iron levels and a general trend toward improved iron control in recent years. Adverse transfusion reactions and alloimmunization were reported in ~50% and 10%–20% in patients, respectively. Rates of transfusion-transmitted infections were highly variable by study but were lower in more recent cohorts. Complications stemming from iron overload and underlying disease captured in this SLR included cardiac disease, liver disease, and endocrine and musculoskeletal disorders. Approximately 10% of patients were diagnosed with heart failure, with rates ranging from 2.9% to 20.9% across 6 studies. Other significant complications reported with β-thalassemia included pain (25%–69%), psychiatric disorders (25%–30%), and reduced health-related quality of life. Despite substantial improvements in survival, patients with TDT remained at an increased risk for early mortality. Consistent with improvements in transfusion practices and iron monitoring and management, outcomes in patients with TDT have improved. However, iron overload and disease-associated complications remain a challenge in this populat