The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis
Background The effect of resistance training (RT) on adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy has never been examined in an exclusively female synthesis of the literature. Objective The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to systematically review the literature on female adaptations...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Sports medicine (Auckland) 2020-06, Vol.50 (6), p.1075-1093 |
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| creator | Hagstrom, Amanda D. Marshall, Paul W. Halaki, Mark Hackett, Daniel A. |
| description | Background
The effect of resistance training (RT) on adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy has never been examined in an exclusively female synthesis of the literature.
Objective
The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to systematically review the literature on female adaptations to RT, characterising the effect in terms of muscular strength and hypertrophy; (2) to distinguish the individual effects of intervention duration, frequency, and intensity on these adaptations via sub-analysis; (3) to draw evidence-based conclusions regarding training expectations in female populations.
Methods
Three electronic databases were searched using terms related to RT combined with females or women. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the effect of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in females. Possible predictors that may have influenced training-related effects (e.g., training intensity and volume) were explored using univariate analyses.
Results
The systematic search identified 14,067 articles of which a total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Upper body strength was assessed in 15 studies, lower body strength in 19 studies, and muscular hypertrophy in 15 studies. Study duration lasted between 4 weeks and 12 months. Large-effect sizes were found for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.70;
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2323469260</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2323469260</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-4ae64ee501e31aa09d7219311bc3ff7a0000ffe889b26c385b6b47f08339b6d03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU9v1DAQxS0EokvLF-CALHHpJTD-EyfhVrWFIrVCarfiaDneya6rxFlsp21OfHW8bAGJA4eRpfHvvZnRI-QNg_cMoPoQJfCqKYDtisuqeHxGFozlFgdRPicLYIwXTEl-QF7FeAcAZS35S3IgWJ2RSi7Ij-UG6XnXoU107Og1RheT8RbpMhjnnV9T5-m3cUBPR0_PZm8GZ-lNCujXaUONX9GrKdqpN4FezFsMKYzbzfyRntCbOSYcTMr8Nd47fKAPLkuuMJnCeNPPedYRedGZPuLrp_eQ3H46X55eFJdfP385PbksrKjKVEiDSiKWwFAwY6BZVZw1grHWiq6rTD4N8hF13bRcWVGXrWpl1UEtRNOqFYhDcrz33Ybx-4Qx6cFFi31vPI5T1FxwIVXD1Q599w96N04h75spCWUDSjVlpviesmGMMWCnt8ENJsyagd7Fo_fx6ByP_hWPfsyit0_WUzvg6o_kdx4ZEHsg5i-_xvB39n9sfwL3O5tv</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2405906695</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Hagstrom, Amanda D. ; Marshall, Paul W. ; Halaki, Mark ; Hackett, Daniel A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Hagstrom, Amanda D. ; Marshall, Paul W. ; Halaki, Mark ; Hackett, Daniel A.</creatorcontrib><description>Background
The effect of resistance training (RT) on adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy has never been examined in an exclusively female synthesis of the literature.
Objective
The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to systematically review the literature on female adaptations to RT, characterising the effect in terms of muscular strength and hypertrophy; (2) to distinguish the individual effects of intervention duration, frequency, and intensity on these adaptations via sub-analysis; (3) to draw evidence-based conclusions regarding training expectations in female populations.
Methods
Three electronic databases were searched using terms related to RT combined with females or women. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the effect of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in females. Possible predictors that may have influenced training-related effects (e.g., training intensity and volume) were explored using univariate analyses.
Results
The systematic search identified 14,067 articles of which a total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Upper body strength was assessed in 15 studies, lower body strength in 19 studies, and muscular hypertrophy in 15 studies. Study duration lasted between 4 weeks and 12 months. Large-effect sizes were found for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.70;
p
< 0.001) and lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.40;
p
< 0.001). Following use of the Trim and Fill method (due to presence of publication bias), a large effect still remained for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.07), although a medium effect was found for lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 0.52). A medium effect was found for muscular hypertrophy (
g
= 0.52,
p
= 0.002). Sub-analyses revealed that the moderating variables “training frequency” and “training volume” significantly influenced lower body muscular strength (
p
< 0.001). “Training frequency” and “sets per exercise” moderated the RT effects on upper body strength (
p
< 0.01). No moderating variables were found to significantly influence muscular hypertrophy. A trend for a moderating effect on upper body strength was found for “age of participants” (
p
= 0.08), whereby younger participants experienced a greater effect. A moderating effect was also observed where supervised training had a larger influence on the adaptation of lower body strength (
p
= 0.05) compared with unsupervised training. Methodological quality for the studies included in the review was found to be moderate.
Conclusions
RT elicits large improvements in muscular strength and hypertrophy in healthy adult females. Training volume and frequency appear to be important variables that influence muscular strength.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0112-1642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-2035</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31820374</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adaptation ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Adult ; Bone density ; Exercise ; Female ; Females ; Gender differences ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Intervention ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Meta-analysis ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal - growth & development ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Physical training ; Physiology ; Resistance Training ; Reviews ; Sports Medicine ; Strength training ; Studies ; Systematic Review ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>Sports medicine (Auckland), 2020-06, Vol.50 (6), p.1075-1093</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jun 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-4ae64ee501e31aa09d7219311bc3ff7a0000ffe889b26c385b6b47f08339b6d03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-4ae64ee501e31aa09d7219311bc3ff7a0000ffe889b26c385b6b47f08339b6d03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8036-9216</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31820374$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hagstrom, Amanda D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marshall, Paul W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halaki, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hackett, Daniel A.</creatorcontrib><title>The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis</title><title>Sports medicine (Auckland)</title><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><description>Background
The effect of resistance training (RT) on adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy has never been examined in an exclusively female synthesis of the literature.
Objective
The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to systematically review the literature on female adaptations to RT, characterising the effect in terms of muscular strength and hypertrophy; (2) to distinguish the individual effects of intervention duration, frequency, and intensity on these adaptations via sub-analysis; (3) to draw evidence-based conclusions regarding training expectations in female populations.
Methods
Three electronic databases were searched using terms related to RT combined with females or women. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the effect of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in females. Possible predictors that may have influenced training-related effects (e.g., training intensity and volume) were explored using univariate analyses.
Results
The systematic search identified 14,067 articles of which a total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Upper body strength was assessed in 15 studies, lower body strength in 19 studies, and muscular hypertrophy in 15 studies. Study duration lasted between 4 weeks and 12 months. Large-effect sizes were found for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.70;
p
< 0.001) and lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.40;
p
< 0.001). Following use of the Trim and Fill method (due to presence of publication bias), a large effect still remained for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.07), although a medium effect was found for lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 0.52). A medium effect was found for muscular hypertrophy (
g
= 0.52,
p
= 0.002). Sub-analyses revealed that the moderating variables “training frequency” and “training volume” significantly influenced lower body muscular strength (
p
< 0.001). “Training frequency” and “sets per exercise” moderated the RT effects on upper body strength (
p
< 0.01). No moderating variables were found to significantly influence muscular hypertrophy. A trend for a moderating effect on upper body strength was found for “age of participants” (
p
= 0.08), whereby younger participants experienced a greater effect. A moderating effect was also observed where supervised training had a larger influence on the adaptation of lower body strength (
p
= 0.05) compared with unsupervised training. Methodological quality for the studies included in the review was found to be moderate.
Conclusions
RT elicits large improvements in muscular strength and hypertrophy in healthy adult females. Training volume and frequency appear to be important variables that influence muscular strength.</description><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Adaptation, Physiological</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Bone density</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertrophy</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Meta-analysis</subject><subject>Muscle Strength</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - growth & development</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Resistance Training</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Strength training</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Systematic Review</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>0112-1642</issn><issn>1179-2035</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU9v1DAQxS0EokvLF-CALHHpJTD-EyfhVrWFIrVCarfiaDneya6rxFlsp21OfHW8bAGJA4eRpfHvvZnRI-QNg_cMoPoQJfCqKYDtisuqeHxGFozlFgdRPicLYIwXTEl-QF7FeAcAZS35S3IgWJ2RSi7Ij-UG6XnXoU107Og1RheT8RbpMhjnnV9T5-m3cUBPR0_PZm8GZ-lNCujXaUONX9GrKdqpN4FezFsMKYzbzfyRntCbOSYcTMr8Nd47fKAPLkuuMJnCeNPPedYRedGZPuLrp_eQ3H46X55eFJdfP385PbksrKjKVEiDSiKWwFAwY6BZVZw1grHWiq6rTD4N8hF13bRcWVGXrWpl1UEtRNOqFYhDcrz33Ybx-4Qx6cFFi31vPI5T1FxwIVXD1Q599w96N04h75spCWUDSjVlpviesmGMMWCnt8ENJsyagd7Fo_fx6ByP_hWPfsyit0_WUzvg6o_kdx4ZEHsg5i-_xvB39n9sfwL3O5tv</recordid><startdate>20200601</startdate><enddate>20200601</enddate><creator>Hagstrom, Amanda D.</creator><creator>Marshall, Paul W.</creator><creator>Halaki, Mark</creator><creator>Hackett, Daniel A.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-9216</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200601</creationdate><title>The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis</title><author>Hagstrom, Amanda D. ; Marshall, Paul W. ; Halaki, Mark ; Hackett, Daniel A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-4ae64ee501e31aa09d7219311bc3ff7a0000ffe889b26c385b6b47f08339b6d03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adaptation</topic><topic>Adaptation, Physiological</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Bone density</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Gender differences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypertrophy</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Meta-analysis</topic><topic>Muscle Strength</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - growth & development</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Resistance Training</topic><topic>Reviews</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Strength training</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Systematic Review</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hagstrom, Amanda D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marshall, Paul W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halaki, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hackett, Daniel A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hagstrom, Amanda D.</au><au>Marshall, Paul W.</au><au>Halaki, Mark</au><au>Hackett, Daniel A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis</atitle><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle><stitle>Sports Med</stitle><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><date>2020-06-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1075</spage><epage>1093</epage><pages>1075-1093</pages><issn>0112-1642</issn><eissn>1179-2035</eissn><abstract>Background
The effect of resistance training (RT) on adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy has never been examined in an exclusively female synthesis of the literature.
Objective
The objectives of this study were threefold: (1) to systematically review the literature on female adaptations to RT, characterising the effect in terms of muscular strength and hypertrophy; (2) to distinguish the individual effects of intervention duration, frequency, and intensity on these adaptations via sub-analysis; (3) to draw evidence-based conclusions regarding training expectations in female populations.
Methods
Three electronic databases were searched using terms related to RT combined with females or women. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the effect of RT on muscular strength and hypertrophy in females. Possible predictors that may have influenced training-related effects (e.g., training intensity and volume) were explored using univariate analyses.
Results
The systematic search identified 14,067 articles of which a total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Upper body strength was assessed in 15 studies, lower body strength in 19 studies, and muscular hypertrophy in 15 studies. Study duration lasted between 4 weeks and 12 months. Large-effect sizes were found for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.70;
p
< 0.001) and lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.40;
p
< 0.001). Following use of the Trim and Fill method (due to presence of publication bias), a large effect still remained for upper body strength (Hedges’
g
= 1.07), although a medium effect was found for lower body strength (Hedges’
g
= 0.52). A medium effect was found for muscular hypertrophy (
g
= 0.52,
p
= 0.002). Sub-analyses revealed that the moderating variables “training frequency” and “training volume” significantly influenced lower body muscular strength (
p
< 0.001). “Training frequency” and “sets per exercise” moderated the RT effects on upper body strength (
p
< 0.01). No moderating variables were found to significantly influence muscular hypertrophy. A trend for a moderating effect on upper body strength was found for “age of participants” (
p
= 0.08), whereby younger participants experienced a greater effect. A moderating effect was also observed where supervised training had a larger influence on the adaptation of lower body strength (
p
= 0.05) compared with unsupervised training. Methodological quality for the studies included in the review was found to be moderate.
Conclusions
RT elicits large improvements in muscular strength and hypertrophy in healthy adult females. Training volume and frequency appear to be important variables that influence muscular strength.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>31820374</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x</doi><tpages>19</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-9216</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Sports medicine (Auckland), 2020-06, Vol.50 (6), p.1075-1093 |
| issn | 0112-1642 1179-2035 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Adaptation Adaptation, Physiological Adult Bone density Exercise Female Females Gender differences Humans Hypertrophy Intervention Medicine Medicine & Public Health Meta-analysis Muscle Strength Muscle, Skeletal - growth & development Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Physical training Physiology Resistance Training Reviews Sports Medicine Strength training Studies Systematic Review Womens health |
| title | The Effect of Resistance Training in Women on Dynamic Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis |
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