What are the costs of stillbirth? Capturing the direct health care and macroeconomic costs in Australia
Background Reducing stillbirth rates is an international priority; however, little is known about the cost of stillbirth. This analysis sought to quantify the costs of stillbirth in Australia. Methods Mothers and costs were identified by linking a state‐based registry of all births between 2012 and...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) Calif.), 2020-06, Vol.47 (2), p.183-190 |
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| creator | Callander, Emily J. Thomas, Joseph Fox, Haylee Ellwood, David Flenady, Vicki |
| description | Background
Reducing stillbirth rates is an international priority; however, little is known about the cost of stillbirth. This analysis sought to quantify the costs of stillbirth in Australia.
Methods
Mothers and costs were identified by linking a state‐based registry of all births between 2012 and 2015 to other administrative data sets. Costs from time of birth to 2 years postbirth were included. Propensity score matching was used to account for differences between women who had a stillbirth and those that did not. Macroeconomic costs were estimated using value of lost output analysis and value of lost welfare analysis.
Results
Cost to government was on average $3774 more per mother who had a stillbirth compared with mothers who had a live birth. After accounting for gestation at birth, the cost of a stillbirth was 42% more than a live birth (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/birt.12469 |
| format | Article |
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Reducing stillbirth rates is an international priority; however, little is known about the cost of stillbirth. This analysis sought to quantify the costs of stillbirth in Australia.
Methods
Mothers and costs were identified by linking a state‐based registry of all births between 2012 and 2015 to other administrative data sets. Costs from time of birth to 2 years postbirth were included. Propensity score matching was used to account for differences between women who had a stillbirth and those that did not. Macroeconomic costs were estimated using value of lost output analysis and value of lost welfare analysis.
Results
Cost to government was on average $3774 more per mother who had a stillbirth compared with mothers who had a live birth. After accounting for gestation at birth, the cost of a stillbirth was 42% more than a live birth (P < .001). Costs for inpatient services, emergency department services, services covered under Medicare (such as primary and specialist care, diagnostic tests and imaging), and prescription pharmaceuticals were all significantly higher for mothers who had a stillbirth. Mothers who had a stillbirth paid on average $1479 out of pocket, which was 52% more than mothers who had a live birth after accounting for gestation at birth (P < .001). The value of lost output was estimated to be $73.8 million (95% CI: 44.0 million‐103.9 million). The estimated value of lost social welfare was estimated to be $18 billion.
Discussion
Stillbirth has a sustained economic impact on society and families, which demonstrates the potential resource savings that could be generated from stillbirth prevention.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0730-7659</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1523-536X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/birt.12469</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31737924</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject>Australia ; Childbirth & labor ; Cost control ; costs ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; decision‐making ; Diagnostic tests ; Economic impact ; economics ; Emergency services ; Female ; Health Care Costs - statistics & numerical data ; Health care expenditures ; Health Expenditures - statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inpatient care ; Linear Models ; Live Birth - economics ; Macroeconomics ; Maternal Health Services - economics ; Medicare ; Mothers ; National Health Programs ; Pregnancy ; Prescription drugs ; Propensity ; Propensity Score ; resource use ; Savings ; Social welfare ; Stillbirth ; Stillbirth - economics ; Women</subject><ispartof>Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2020-06, Vol.47 (2), p.183-190</ispartof><rights>2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3579-1dfbb73fba0057007b40a1abbee1dd25c04d8c4ca7aa5854a120f6ca17be147a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3579-1dfbb73fba0057007b40a1abbee1dd25c04d8c4ca7aa5854a120f6ca17be147a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7233-6804</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fbirt.12469$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fbirt.12469$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1416,27923,27924,30998,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31737924$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Callander, Emily J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fox, Haylee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellwood, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flenady, Vicki</creatorcontrib><title>What are the costs of stillbirth? Capturing the direct health care and macroeconomic costs in Australia</title><title>Birth (Berkeley, Calif.)</title><addtitle>Birth</addtitle><description>Background
Reducing stillbirth rates is an international priority; however, little is known about the cost of stillbirth. This analysis sought to quantify the costs of stillbirth in Australia.
Methods
Mothers and costs were identified by linking a state‐based registry of all births between 2012 and 2015 to other administrative data sets. Costs from time of birth to 2 years postbirth were included. Propensity score matching was used to account for differences between women who had a stillbirth and those that did not. Macroeconomic costs were estimated using value of lost output analysis and value of lost welfare analysis.
Results
Cost to government was on average $3774 more per mother who had a stillbirth compared with mothers who had a live birth. After accounting for gestation at birth, the cost of a stillbirth was 42% more than a live birth (P < .001). Costs for inpatient services, emergency department services, services covered under Medicare (such as primary and specialist care, diagnostic tests and imaging), and prescription pharmaceuticals were all significantly higher for mothers who had a stillbirth. Mothers who had a stillbirth paid on average $1479 out of pocket, which was 52% more than mothers who had a live birth after accounting for gestation at birth (P < .001). The value of lost output was estimated to be $73.8 million (95% CI: 44.0 million‐103.9 million). The estimated value of lost social welfare was estimated to be $18 billion.
Discussion
Stillbirth has a sustained economic impact on society and families, which demonstrates the potential resource savings that could be generated from stillbirth prevention.</description><subject>Australia</subject><subject>Childbirth & labor</subject><subject>Cost control</subject><subject>costs</subject><subject>Costs and Cost Analysis</subject><subject>decision‐making</subject><subject>Diagnostic tests</subject><subject>Economic impact</subject><subject>economics</subject><subject>Emergency services</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health Care Costs - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Health care expenditures</subject><subject>Health Expenditures - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Inpatient care</subject><subject>Linear Models</subject><subject>Live Birth - economics</subject><subject>Macroeconomics</subject><subject>Maternal Health Services - economics</subject><subject>Medicare</subject><subject>Mothers</subject><subject>National Health Programs</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Prescription drugs</subject><subject>Propensity</subject><subject>Propensity Score</subject><subject>resource use</subject><subject>Savings</subject><subject>Social welfare</subject><subject>Stillbirth</subject><subject>Stillbirth - economics</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>0730-7659</issn><issn>1523-536X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMtKBDEQRYMoOj42foAE3IjQmmenZyU6-AJBEEV3oZJO25F-jEka8e_tcUYXLqxNbU4dbl2E9ik5oeOcGh_SCWUin66hCZWMZ5LnL-toQhQnmcrldAttx_hGCFFC5Jtoi1PF1ZSJCXp9riFhCA6n2mHbxxRxX-GYfNMsvPUZnsE8DcF3r99I6YOzCdcOmlRju7iErsQt2NA723d96-3K4zt8PsQUoPGwizYqaKLbW-0d9HR1-Ti7ye7ur29n53eZ5VJNM1pWxiheGSBEqjGvEQQoGOMcLUsmLRFlYYUFBSALKYAyUuUWqDKOCgV8Bx0tvfPQvw8uJt36aF3TQOf6IWrGqZSskLIY0cM_6Fs_hG5Mp5kgUuSsEPlIHS-p8b8Yg6v0PPgWwqemRC_q14ua9Hf9I3ywUg6mdeUv-tP3CNAl8OEb9_mPSl_cPjwupV93p5Ch</recordid><startdate>202006</startdate><enddate>202006</enddate><creator>Callander, Emily J.</creator><creator>Thomas, Joseph</creator><creator>Fox, Haylee</creator><creator>Ellwood, David</creator><creator>Flenady, Vicki</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-6804</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202006</creationdate><title>What are the costs of stillbirth? Capturing the direct health care and macroeconomic costs in Australia</title><author>Callander, Emily J. ; Thomas, Joseph ; Fox, Haylee ; Ellwood, David ; Flenady, Vicki</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3579-1dfbb73fba0057007b40a1abbee1dd25c04d8c4ca7aa5854a120f6ca17be147a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Australia</topic><topic>Childbirth & labor</topic><topic>Cost control</topic><topic>costs</topic><topic>Costs and Cost Analysis</topic><topic>decision‐making</topic><topic>Diagnostic tests</topic><topic>Economic impact</topic><topic>economics</topic><topic>Emergency services</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health Care Costs - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Health care expenditures</topic><topic>Health Expenditures - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Inpatient care</topic><topic>Linear Models</topic><topic>Live Birth - economics</topic><topic>Macroeconomics</topic><topic>Maternal Health Services - economics</topic><topic>Medicare</topic><topic>Mothers</topic><topic>National Health Programs</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Prescription drugs</topic><topic>Propensity</topic><topic>Propensity Score</topic><topic>resource use</topic><topic>Savings</topic><topic>Social welfare</topic><topic>Stillbirth</topic><topic>Stillbirth - economics</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Callander, Emily J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fox, Haylee</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellwood, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flenady, Vicki</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Birth (Berkeley, Calif.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Callander, Emily J.</au><au>Thomas, Joseph</au><au>Fox, Haylee</au><au>Ellwood, David</au><au>Flenady, Vicki</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>What are the costs of stillbirth? Capturing the direct health care and macroeconomic costs in Australia</atitle><jtitle>Birth (Berkeley, Calif.)</jtitle><addtitle>Birth</addtitle><date>2020-06</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>47</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>183</spage><epage>190</epage><pages>183-190</pages><issn>0730-7659</issn><eissn>1523-536X</eissn><abstract>Background
Reducing stillbirth rates is an international priority; however, little is known about the cost of stillbirth. This analysis sought to quantify the costs of stillbirth in Australia.
Methods
Mothers and costs were identified by linking a state‐based registry of all births between 2012 and 2015 to other administrative data sets. Costs from time of birth to 2 years postbirth were included. Propensity score matching was used to account for differences between women who had a stillbirth and those that did not. Macroeconomic costs were estimated using value of lost output analysis and value of lost welfare analysis.
Results
Cost to government was on average $3774 more per mother who had a stillbirth compared with mothers who had a live birth. After accounting for gestation at birth, the cost of a stillbirth was 42% more than a live birth (P < .001). Costs for inpatient services, emergency department services, services covered under Medicare (such as primary and specialist care, diagnostic tests and imaging), and prescription pharmaceuticals were all significantly higher for mothers who had a stillbirth. Mothers who had a stillbirth paid on average $1479 out of pocket, which was 52% more than mothers who had a live birth after accounting for gestation at birth (P < .001). The value of lost output was estimated to be $73.8 million (95% CI: 44.0 million‐103.9 million). The estimated value of lost social welfare was estimated to be $18 billion.
Discussion
Stillbirth has a sustained economic impact on society and families, which demonstrates the potential resource savings that could be generated from stillbirth prevention.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>31737924</pmid><doi>10.1111/birt.12469</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-6804</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Australia Childbirth & labor Cost control costs Costs and Cost Analysis decision‐making Diagnostic tests Economic impact economics Emergency services Female Health Care Costs - statistics & numerical data Health care expenditures Health Expenditures - statistics & numerical data Humans Infant, Newborn Inpatient care Linear Models Live Birth - economics Macroeconomics Maternal Health Services - economics Medicare Mothers National Health Programs Pregnancy Prescription drugs Propensity Propensity Score resource use Savings Social welfare Stillbirth Stillbirth - economics Women |
| title | What are the costs of stillbirth? Capturing the direct health care and macroeconomic costs in Australia |
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