Trend of salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection samples among Iranian adults population between 1998 and 2013: The Isfahan salt study
Few population-based studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region assessed salt intake by the measurement of 24-h sodium urine excretion (24-hUNa). The current study aimed to assess the trend of mean salt intake in Iranian adults between 1998 and 2013. These cross-sectional studies were per...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 2019-12, Vol.29 (12), p.1323-1329 |
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| creator | Mohammadifard, Noushin Khosravi, Alireza Salas-Salvadó, Jordi Becerra-Tomás, Nerea Nouri, Fatemeh Abdollahi, Zahra Jozan, Mahnaz Bahonar, Ahmad Sarrafzadegan, Nizal |
| description | Few population-based studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region assessed salt intake by the measurement of 24-h sodium urine excretion (24-hUNa). The current study aimed to assess the trend of mean salt intake in Iranian adults between 1998 and 2013.
These cross-sectional studies were performed on 564, 157, 509 and 837 randomly selected healthy adults aged >18 years from Isfahan city, Iran, in 1998, 2001, 2007 and 2013, respectively. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer according to a standard protocol. Single 24-h urine was collected to assess 24-hUNa as a surrogate of salt intake, and 24-h urinary K (24-hUK).
The estimated trend of salt intake was 9.5, 9.7, 9.6 and 10.2 g/day in total population (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.019 |
| format | Article |
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These cross-sectional studies were performed on 564, 157, 509 and 837 randomly selected healthy adults aged >18 years from Isfahan city, Iran, in 1998, 2001, 2007 and 2013, respectively. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer according to a standard protocol. Single 24-h urine was collected to assess 24-hUNa as a surrogate of salt intake, and 24-h urinary K (24-hUK).
The estimated trend of salt intake was 9.5, 9.7, 9.6 and 10.2 g/day in total population (P < 0.001). The increase in salt intake between 1998 and 2013 was significant only in men, (P < 0.001). The risk of pre-hypertension was 21% and 18% significantly greater in the highest quartiles of UNa/UK after adjustment for potential confounders in 2001 and 2013, respectively, [OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.03–1.64) and 1.18 (1.02–1.38), respectively].
This population-based study indicated that mean salt intake was about two times of recommendation in Isfahan city, Iran, and suggest that it would be essential to implement a salt reduction strategy program in Iranian population. Longitudinal national studies with larger samples examining the trend of salt intake are warranted.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0939-4753</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1590-3729</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.019</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31672449</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>24-Hour urine ; Adult ; Biomarkers - urine ; Blood Pressure ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Iran - epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Potassium ; Potassium - urine ; Prehypertension - epidemiology ; Prehypertension - physiopathology ; Prehypertension - urine ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Risk Factors ; Salt ; Sex Factors ; Sodium ; Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage ; Sodium, Dietary - urine ; Time Factors ; Urinalysis ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 2019-12, Vol.29 (12), p.1323-1329</ispartof><rights>2019</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-45cf5ed857b545b1efdd618edc37a730aafbcfa7557af0549baa8301ddc50fa23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-45cf5ed857b545b1efdd618edc37a730aafbcfa7557af0549baa8301ddc50fa23</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1776-1060</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093947531930287X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3536,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31672449$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mohammadifard, Noushin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khosravi, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salas-Salvadó, Jordi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Becerra-Tomás, Nerea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nouri, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdollahi, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jozan, Mahnaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bahonar, Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sarrafzadegan, Nizal</creatorcontrib><title>Trend of salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection samples among Iranian adults population between 1998 and 2013: The Isfahan salt study</title><title>Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases</title><addtitle>Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis</addtitle><description>Few population-based studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region assessed salt intake by the measurement of 24-h sodium urine excretion (24-hUNa). The current study aimed to assess the trend of mean salt intake in Iranian adults between 1998 and 2013.
These cross-sectional studies were performed on 564, 157, 509 and 837 randomly selected healthy adults aged >18 years from Isfahan city, Iran, in 1998, 2001, 2007 and 2013, respectively. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer according to a standard protocol. Single 24-h urine was collected to assess 24-hUNa as a surrogate of salt intake, and 24-h urinary K (24-hUK).
The estimated trend of salt intake was 9.5, 9.7, 9.6 and 10.2 g/day in total population (P < 0.001). The increase in salt intake between 1998 and 2013 was significant only in men, (P < 0.001). The risk of pre-hypertension was 21% and 18% significantly greater in the highest quartiles of UNa/UK after adjustment for potential confounders in 2001 and 2013, respectively, [OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.03–1.64) and 1.18 (1.02–1.38), respectively].
This population-based study indicated that mean salt intake was about two times of recommendation in Isfahan city, Iran, and suggest that it would be essential to implement a salt reduction strategy program in Iranian population. Longitudinal national studies with larger samples examining the trend of salt intake are warranted.</description><subject>24-Hour urine</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biomarkers - urine</subject><subject>Blood Pressure</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Iran - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Potassium - urine</subject><subject>Prehypertension - epidemiology</subject><subject>Prehypertension - physiopathology</subject><subject>Prehypertension - urine</subject><subject>Recommended Dietary Allowances</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Sodium, Dietary - urine</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Urinalysis</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0939-4753</issn><issn>1590-3729</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc2O1DAQhCMEYoeFN0DIRy4JdmzHCQcktOJnpJW4DGerY7eZDIk92DGreQpeGS9ZOHKqy1dd3V1V9ZLRhlHWvTk1Pi9obNNSNjRUNUUeVTsmB1pz1Q6Pqx0d-FALJflV9SylE6VcUS6eVlecdaoVYthVvw4RvSXBkQTzSia_wnckC0LKES0ZL6QV9THkSHKcPBIT5hnNOgVfDMt5xkRgCf4b2UfwE3gCNs9rIudwzjP84UZc7xA9YcPQEyhhZWH-lhyOSPbJwRH8lp3WbC_PqycO5oQvHvS6-vrxw-Hmc3375dP-5v1tbXjXrrWQxkm0vVSjFHJk6KztWI_WcAWKUwA3GgdKSgWOSjGMAD2nzFojqYOWX1evt7nnGH5kTKtepmRwnsFjyEm3nLFOMN71BRUbamJIKaLT5zgtEC-aUX1fhT7prQp9X4WmShcptlcPCXlc0P4z_f19Ad5tAJY7f04YdTITeoN2iuXF2obp_wm_Afkknak</recordid><startdate>201912</startdate><enddate>201912</enddate><creator>Mohammadifard, Noushin</creator><creator>Khosravi, Alireza</creator><creator>Salas-Salvadó, Jordi</creator><creator>Becerra-Tomás, Nerea</creator><creator>Nouri, Fatemeh</creator><creator>Abdollahi, Zahra</creator><creator>Jozan, Mahnaz</creator><creator>Bahonar, Ahmad</creator><creator>Sarrafzadegan, Nizal</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-1060</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201912</creationdate><title>Trend of salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection samples among Iranian adults population between 1998 and 2013: The Isfahan salt study</title><author>Mohammadifard, Noushin ; Khosravi, Alireza ; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi ; Becerra-Tomás, Nerea ; Nouri, Fatemeh ; Abdollahi, Zahra ; Jozan, Mahnaz ; Bahonar, Ahmad ; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c362t-45cf5ed857b545b1efdd618edc37a730aafbcfa7557af0549baa8301ddc50fa23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>24-Hour urine</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biomarkers - urine</topic><topic>Blood Pressure</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Iran - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Potassium - urine</topic><topic>Prehypertension - epidemiology</topic><topic>Prehypertension - physiopathology</topic><topic>Prehypertension - urine</topic><topic>Recommended Dietary Allowances</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Salt</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Sodium, Dietary - urine</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Urinalysis</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mohammadifard, Noushin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khosravi, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salas-Salvadó, Jordi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Becerra-Tomás, Nerea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nouri, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdollahi, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jozan, Mahnaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bahonar, Ahmad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sarrafzadegan, Nizal</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mohammadifard, Noushin</au><au>Khosravi, Alireza</au><au>Salas-Salvadó, Jordi</au><au>Becerra-Tomás, Nerea</au><au>Nouri, Fatemeh</au><au>Abdollahi, Zahra</au><au>Jozan, Mahnaz</au><au>Bahonar, Ahmad</au><au>Sarrafzadegan, Nizal</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Trend of salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection samples among Iranian adults population between 1998 and 2013: The Isfahan salt study</atitle><jtitle>Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases</jtitle><addtitle>Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis</addtitle><date>2019-12</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1323</spage><epage>1329</epage><pages>1323-1329</pages><issn>0939-4753</issn><eissn>1590-3729</eissn><abstract>Few population-based studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region assessed salt intake by the measurement of 24-h sodium urine excretion (24-hUNa). The current study aimed to assess the trend of mean salt intake in Iranian adults between 1998 and 2013.
These cross-sectional studies were performed on 564, 157, 509 and 837 randomly selected healthy adults aged >18 years from Isfahan city, Iran, in 1998, 2001, 2007 and 2013, respectively. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer according to a standard protocol. Single 24-h urine was collected to assess 24-hUNa as a surrogate of salt intake, and 24-h urinary K (24-hUK).
The estimated trend of salt intake was 9.5, 9.7, 9.6 and 10.2 g/day in total population (P < 0.001). The increase in salt intake between 1998 and 2013 was significant only in men, (P < 0.001). The risk of pre-hypertension was 21% and 18% significantly greater in the highest quartiles of UNa/UK after adjustment for potential confounders in 2001 and 2013, respectively, [OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.03–1.64) and 1.18 (1.02–1.38), respectively].
This population-based study indicated that mean salt intake was about two times of recommendation in Isfahan city, Iran, and suggest that it would be essential to implement a salt reduction strategy program in Iranian population. Longitudinal national studies with larger samples examining the trend of salt intake are warranted.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>31672449</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.019</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1776-1060</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 2019-12, Vol.29 (12), p.1323-1329 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
| subjects | 24-Hour urine Adult Biomarkers - urine Blood Pressure Cross-Sectional Studies Feeding Behavior Female Humans Iran - epidemiology Male Middle Aged Potassium Potassium - urine Prehypertension - epidemiology Prehypertension - physiopathology Prehypertension - urine Recommended Dietary Allowances Risk Factors Salt Sex Factors Sodium Sodium, Dietary - administration & dosage Sodium, Dietary - urine Time Factors Urinalysis Young Adult |
| title | Trend of salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection samples among Iranian adults population between 1998 and 2013: The Isfahan salt study |
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