Nationwide survey of cervical cytology laboratory practices in China

Cervical cancer rates in China remain high, with only limited opportunistic screening in urban centers and large mostly unscreened rural areas. Cervical cytology practices in China have been changing over the last decade with introduction of The Bethesda System reporting terminology, liquid-based cytology (LBC), and programs for cervical cytology screening of underserved rural populations. An effort was undertaken for the first time to collect nationwide data on cervical cytology laboratory practices in China, a possible first step toward increased standardization and potential development of nationwide cytology quality benchmarks. Data on cervical cytology practices from 1572 laboratories operating in 26 nationwide Provisional Level Administrative Divisions was collected in an online survey approved through the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai. Over 90% of cervical cytology laboratories in China now solely use Bethesda System reporting terminology. LBC is now the most commonly utilized form of cervical cytology, with lower-cost Chinese-manufactured LBC formulations used in almost 70% of laboratories. Nationwide, significantly higher abnormal cytology rates were reported with LBC than with the conventional Papanicolaou smear (CPS); however, the CPS remains a useful low-cost alternative as China strives to extend cervical screening to large underserved rural areas. Abnormal cytology rates were not significantly different when different levels of hospitals were compared. The survey identified nationwide opportunities for cytology quality improvement, including low rates of reporting of unsatisfactory cases and low rates for atypical glandular cells.