Determinants of carbon emissions in Pakistan’s transport sector
The transport infrastructure plays an imperative role in a country’s progress. At the same time, it causes environmental degradation due to extensive use of fossil fuels. The transport system of Pakistan is largely dependent on nonrenewable energy sources (oil, coal, and gas), which are hazardous to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2019-08, Vol.26 (22), p.22907-22921 |
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| creator | Rasool, Yasir Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider Zafar, Muhammad Wasif |
| description | The transport infrastructure plays an imperative role in a country’s progress. At the same time, it causes environmental degradation due to extensive use of fossil fuels. The transport system of Pakistan is largely dependent on nonrenewable energy sources (oil, coal, and gas), which are hazardous to environmental quality. This research uses an autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL) to examine the impact of oil prices, energy intensity of road transport, economic growth, and population density on carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions of Pakistan’s transport sector during the 1971–2014 period. The ARDL bounding test examines the cointegration and long-run relationships among the variables, and the directions of causal relationships are found through the Granger causality vector error correction model (VECM). The long-run results indicate that increases in oil prices and economic growth help to reduce the transport sector’s CO
2
emissions, while rising energy intensity, population concentration, and road infrastructure increase them, with population playing a dominant role. The findings of this study can help authorities in Pakistan to develop suitable energy policies for the transport sector. Among other recommendations, the study recommends investment in renewable energy projects and energy-efficient transport systems (e.g., light train, rapid transport system, and electric busses) and environmental taxes (subsidies) on the vehicles that use fossil fuels (renewable energy). |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-019-05504-4 |
| format | Article |
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2
) emissions of Pakistan’s transport sector during the 1971–2014 period. The ARDL bounding test examines the cointegration and long-run relationships among the variables, and the directions of causal relationships are found through the Granger causality vector error correction model (VECM). The long-run results indicate that increases in oil prices and economic growth help to reduce the transport sector’s CO
2
emissions, while rising energy intensity, population concentration, and road infrastructure increase them, with population playing a dominant role. The findings of this study can help authorities in Pakistan to develop suitable energy policies for the transport sector. Among other recommendations, the study recommends investment in renewable energy projects and energy-efficient transport systems (e.g., light train, rapid transport system, and electric busses) and environmental taxes (subsidies) on the vehicles that use fossil fuels (renewable energy).</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05504-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31177417</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Alternative energy ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Autoregressive models ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon dioxide emissions ; Crude oil ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Economic models ; Economics ; Ecotoxicology ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy consumption ; Energy efficiency ; Energy policy ; Energy sources ; Energy utilization ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental degradation ; Environmental Health ; Environmental quality ; Environmental science ; Environmental tax ; Error correction ; Fossil fuels ; Impact analysis ; Infrastructure ; Population density ; Renewable energy ; Renewable resources ; Research Article ; Road transportation ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2019-08, Vol.26 (22), p.22907-22921</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019</rights><rights>Environmental Science and Pollution Research is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-7f041748caa98e2cc0a4f24adcce58c5896edfed5d163e83260cda8130c9c78c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-7f041748caa98e2cc0a4f24adcce58c5896edfed5d163e83260cda8130c9c78c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-019-05504-4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-019-05504-4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31177417$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rasool, Yasir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zafar, Muhammad Wasif</creatorcontrib><title>Determinants of carbon emissions in Pakistan’s transport sector</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The transport infrastructure plays an imperative role in a country’s progress. At the same time, it causes environmental degradation due to extensive use of fossil fuels. The transport system of Pakistan is largely dependent on nonrenewable energy sources (oil, coal, and gas), which are hazardous to environmental quality. This research uses an autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL) to examine the impact of oil prices, energy intensity of road transport, economic growth, and population density on carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions of Pakistan’s transport sector during the 1971–2014 period. The ARDL bounding test examines the cointegration and long-run relationships among the variables, and the directions of causal relationships are found through the Granger causality vector error correction model (VECM). The long-run results indicate that increases in oil prices and economic growth help to reduce the transport sector’s CO
2
emissions, while rising energy intensity, population concentration, and road infrastructure increase them, with population playing a dominant role. The findings of this study can help authorities in Pakistan to develop suitable energy policies for the transport sector. Among other recommendations, the study recommends investment in renewable energy projects and energy-efficient transport systems (e.g., light train, rapid transport system, and electric busses) and environmental taxes (subsidies) on the vehicles that use fossil fuels (renewable energy).</description><subject>Alternative energy</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Autoregressive models</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide emissions</subject><subject>Crude oil</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Economic development</subject><subject>Economic growth</subject><subject>Economic models</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy efficiency</subject><subject>Energy policy</subject><subject>Energy 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2
) emissions of Pakistan’s transport sector during the 1971–2014 period. The ARDL bounding test examines the cointegration and long-run relationships among the variables, and the directions of causal relationships are found through the Granger causality vector error correction model (VECM). The long-run results indicate that increases in oil prices and economic growth help to reduce the transport sector’s CO
2
emissions, while rising energy intensity, population concentration, and road infrastructure increase them, with population playing a dominant role. The findings of this study can help authorities in Pakistan to develop suitable energy policies for the transport sector. Among other recommendations, the study recommends investment in renewable energy projects and energy-efficient transport systems (e.g., light train, rapid transport system, and electric busses) and environmental taxes (subsidies) on the vehicles that use fossil fuels (renewable energy).</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>31177417</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-019-05504-4</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Alternative energy Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Autoregressive models Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions Crude oil Earth and Environmental Science Economic development Economic growth Economic models Economics Ecotoxicology Emissions Energy Energy consumption Energy efficiency Energy policy Energy sources Energy utilization Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental degradation Environmental Health Environmental quality Environmental science Environmental tax Error correction Fossil fuels Impact analysis Infrastructure Population density Renewable energy Renewable resources Research Article Road transportation Taxation Taxes Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Determinants of carbon emissions in Pakistan’s transport sector |
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