Adipocyte‐derived extracellular vesicles modulate appetite and weight through mTOR signalling in the hypothalamus

Aim Type 2 diabetes and obesity are diseases related to surplus energy in the body. Abnormal interaction between the hypothalamus and adipose tissues is a key trigger of energy metabolism dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate intercellular communication by transporting intracellular cargo to recipient cells thereby altering the function of recipient cells. This study aimed to evaluate whether adipocyte‐derived EVs can act on hypothalamic neurons to modulate energy intake and to identify the EV‐associated non‐coding RNAs. Methods Confocal imaging was used to trace the uptake of labelled adipocyte‐derived exosomes by hypothalamic anorexigenic POMC neurons. The effects of adipocyte‐derived EVs on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway in POMC neurons were evaluated based on mRNA and protein expression in vitro using quantitative real‐time PCR and western blotting. In addition, adipocyte‐derived EVs were injected into recipient mice, and changes in mice body weight and daily food intake were monitored. The biological effects of the EV‐associated MALAT1 on POMC neurons were explored. Results Adipocyte‐derived EVs were successfully transferred into POMC neurons in vitro. Results showed that adipocytes of obese mice secreted MALAT1‐containing EVs, which increased appetite and weight when administered to lean mice. Conversely, adipocyte‐derived EVs from lean mice decreased food intake and weight when administered to obese mice. Conclusion Adipocyte‐derived EVs play important roles in mediating the interaction between adipocytes and hypothalamic neurons. Adipocyte‐derived EVs can regulate POMC expression through the hypothalamic mTOR signalling in vivo and in vitro, thereby affecting body energy intake.