Comparison of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among cigarette and waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers

Background Assessment of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) may serve as a valuable biomarker of peri‐implant diseases in nicotine‐product users. Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare cotinine levels in the PISF among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electroni...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Clinical implant dentistry and related research 2019-08, Vol.21 (4), p.702-707
Hauptverfasser:	Alqahtani, Fawaz, Alqahtani, Mana, Albaqawi, Ahmed Heji, Al‐Kheraif, Abdulaziz A., Javed, Fawad
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Biomarkers Bleeding bleeding on probing Cigarette smoking Cotinine Cotinine - metabolism dental implant Dental implants Dental Plaque Index Dentistry Electronic cigarettes Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Genetics Humans Implants inflammation Male Nicotine Non-Smokers Plaque index probing depth Smokers Smoking Statistical analysis Tobacco smoke Transplants & implants Variance analysis Water Pipe Smoking Water pipes
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