Characterization of CRISPR‐Cas systems in Leptospira reveals potential application of CRISPR in genotyping of Leptospira interrogans

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. However, understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of Leptospira is still elusive due to the limited number of genetic tools available for this microorganism. Currently, the reason for the genetic inaccessibility of Leptospira is still unknown. It is well known that as an acquired immunity of bacteria, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat‐CRISPR‐associated gene (CRISPR‐Cas) systems can help bacteria against invading mobile genetic elements. In this study, the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR‐Cas systems in 41 genomes of Leptospira strains were investigated. Three subtypes (subtype I‐B, subtype I‐C and subtype I‐E) of CRISPR‐Cas systems were identified in both pathogenic and intermediate Leptospira species but not in saprophytic species. Noteworthy, the majority of pathogenic species harbor two different types of CRISPR‐Cas systems (subtype I‐B and subtype I‐E). Furthermore, Cas2 protein of subtype I‐C in L. interrogans exhibited a metal‐dependent DNase activity in a nonspecific manner. CRISPR spacers in subtype I‐B are highly conserved within the same serovars and hypervariable across different serovars of L. interrogans. Based on the subtype I‐B CRISPR arrays, the serotypes of different L. interrogans strains were easily identified. Investigation of the origin of CRISPR spacers showed that 192 spacers (23.5%) matched to mobile genetic elements, indicating CRISPR‐Cas systems may play an important role in the defense of foreign invading DNA.