Indoor air quality in schools of a highly polluted south Mediterranean area
This study aimed at surveying lower secondary schools in southern Italy, in a highly polluted area. A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Indoor air 2019-03, Vol.29 (2), p.276-290 |
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| creator | Ruggieri, Silvia Longo, Valeria Perrino, Cinzia Canepari, Silvia Drago, Gaspare L’Abbate, Luca Balzan, Martin Cuttitta, Giuseppina Scaccianoce, Gianluca Minardi, Remo Viegi, Giovanni Cibella, Fabio Bilocca, David Borg, Charles Montefort, Stephen Zammit, Christopher Bucchieri, Salvatore Colombo, Paolo Ferrante, Giuliana La Grutta, Stefania Melis, Mario R Piva, Giuseppe Ristagno, Rosaria Rizzo, Gianfranco |
| description | This study aimed at surveying lower secondary schools in southern Italy, in a highly polluted area. A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants in indoor dust, and the indoor/outdoor mass concentration and elemental composition of PM2.5 were ascertained. Temperature and RH were within, or close to, the comfort range, while CO2 frequently exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, indicating inadequate air exchange rate. In all the classrooms, median NO2 levels were above the WHO threshold value. Dermatophagoides p. allergen concentration was below the sensitizing threshold, while high endotoxin levels were detected in the classrooms, suggesting schools may produce significant risks of endotoxin exposure. Concentration and solubility of PM2.5 elements were used to identify the sources of indoor particles. Indoor concentration of most elements was higher than outdoors. Resuspension was responsible for the indoor increase in soil components. For elements from industrial emission (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V), the indoor concentration depended on penetration from the outside. For these elements, differences in rural vs industrial concentrations were found, suggesting industrial sources may influence indoor air quality nearby schools. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/ina.12529 |
| format | Article |
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A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants in indoor dust, and the indoor/outdoor mass concentration and elemental composition of PM2.5 were ascertained. Temperature and RH were within, or close to, the comfort range, while CO2 frequently exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, indicating inadequate air exchange rate. In all the classrooms, median NO2 levels were above the WHO threshold value. Dermatophagoides p. allergen concentration was below the sensitizing threshold, while high endotoxin levels were detected in the classrooms, suggesting schools may produce significant risks of endotoxin exposure. Concentration and solubility of PM2.5 elements were used to identify the sources of indoor particles. Indoor concentration of most elements was higher than outdoors. Resuspension was responsible for the indoor increase in soil components. For elements from industrial emission (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V), the indoor concentration depended on penetration from the outside. For these elements, differences in rural vs industrial concentrations were found, suggesting industrial sources may influence indoor air quality nearby schools.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0905-6947</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1600-0668</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/ina.12529</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30580463</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Hindawi Limited</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air pollution ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Air quality ; Allergens ; Antimony ; Biological pollutants ; Cadmium ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon Monoxide - analysis ; Chemical composition ; Classrooms ; Der p 1 ; Dust ; Dust - analysis ; endotoxin ; Environmental Monitoring ; heavy metals ; Humans ; Humidity ; Indoor air pollution ; Indoor air quality ; indoor comfort parameters ; Indoor environments ; Industrial areas ; Industrial emissions ; Lead ; Mediterranean Region ; Metals, Heavy - analysis ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis ; Outdoor air quality ; Particle Size ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - analysis ; PM2.5 ; Pollutants ; Relative humidity ; Rural areas ; Rural Population ; Schools ; Sensitizing ; Sicily ; Surveying ; Temperature ; Ventilation</subject><ispartof>Indoor air, 2019-03, Vol.29 (2), p.276-290</ispartof><rights>2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3889-d372efb1e556e033081f6bcde664cfc7450774dacdabc9f8e448d4ffef355a6e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3889-d372efb1e556e033081f6bcde664cfc7450774dacdabc9f8e448d4ffef355a6e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8475-1001 ; 0000-0003-1674-2263 ; 0000-0002-6336-0252</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fina.12529$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fina.12529$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30580463$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ruggieri, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Longo, Valeria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perrino, Cinzia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canepari, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drago, Gaspare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>L’Abbate, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balzan, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuttitta, Giuseppina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scaccianoce, Gianluca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minardi, Remo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viegi, Giovanni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cibella, Fabio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bilocca, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borg, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montefort, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zammit, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bucchieri, Salvatore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colombo, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrante, Giuliana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>La Grutta, Stefania</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melis, Mario R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piva, Giuseppe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ristagno, Rosaria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rizzo, Gianfranco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RESPIRA Project Group</creatorcontrib><title>Indoor air quality in schools of a highly polluted south Mediterranean area</title><title>Indoor air</title><addtitle>Indoor Air</addtitle><description>This study aimed at surveying lower secondary schools in southern Italy, in a highly polluted area. A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants in indoor dust, and the indoor/outdoor mass concentration and elemental composition of PM2.5 were ascertained. Temperature and RH were within, or close to, the comfort range, while CO2 frequently exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, indicating inadequate air exchange rate. In all the classrooms, median NO2 levels were above the WHO threshold value. Dermatophagoides p. allergen concentration was below the sensitizing threshold, while high endotoxin levels were detected in the classrooms, suggesting schools may produce significant risks of endotoxin exposure. Concentration and solubility of PM2.5 elements were used to identify the sources of indoor particles. Indoor concentration of most elements was higher than outdoors. Resuspension was responsible for the indoor increase in soil components. For elements from industrial emission (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V), the indoor concentration depended on penetration from the outside. For these elements, differences in rural vs industrial concentrations were found, suggesting industrial sources may influence indoor air quality nearby schools.</description><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Air quality</subject><subject>Allergens</subject><subject>Antimony</subject><subject>Biological pollutants</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon Monoxide - analysis</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Classrooms</subject><subject>Der p 1</subject><subject>Dust</subject><subject>Dust - analysis</subject><subject>endotoxin</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>heavy metals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Indoor air pollution</subject><subject>Indoor air quality</subject><subject>indoor comfort parameters</subject><subject>Indoor environments</subject><subject>Industrial areas</subject><subject>Industrial emissions</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Mediterranean Region</subject><subject>Metals, Heavy - analysis</subject><subject>Nitrogen dioxide</subject><subject>Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis</subject><subject>Outdoor air quality</subject><subject>Particle Size</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - analysis</subject><subject>PM2.5</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Relative humidity</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Sensitizing</subject><subject>Sicily</subject><subject>Surveying</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Ventilation</subject><issn>0905-6947</issn><issn>1600-0668</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kLlOAzEQQC0EghAo-AFkiQaKDXZ87G6JIo6Iq4F65dhj4shZJ_auUP4eQ4ACiWmmeXozegidUDKieS5dq0Z0LMb1DhpQSUhBpKx20YDURBSy5uUBOkxpQQgtWc320QEjoiJcsgG6n7YmhIiVi3jdK--6DXYtTnoegk84WKzw3L3N_Qavgvd9Bwan0Hdz_AjGdRCjakG1WEVQR2jPKp_g-HsP0evN9cvkrnh4vp1Orh4KzaqqLgwrx2BnFISQQBgjFbVypg1IybXVJRekLLlR2qiZrm0FnFeGWwuWCaEksCE633pXMax7SF2zdEmD9_mV0KdmnBtQXktBM3r2B12EPrb5u0xVQuZjVGTqYkvpGFKKYJtVdEsVNw0lzWfhJhduvgpn9vTb2M-WYH7Jn6QZuNwC787D5n9TM3262io_AFYRhLo</recordid><startdate>201903</startdate><enddate>201903</enddate><creator>Ruggieri, Silvia</creator><creator>Longo, Valeria</creator><creator>Perrino, Cinzia</creator><creator>Canepari, Silvia</creator><creator>Drago, Gaspare</creator><creator>L’Abbate, Luca</creator><creator>Balzan, Martin</creator><creator>Cuttitta, Giuseppina</creator><creator>Scaccianoce, Gianluca</creator><creator>Minardi, Remo</creator><creator>Viegi, Giovanni</creator><creator>Cibella, Fabio</creator><creator>Bilocca, David</creator><creator>Borg, Charles</creator><creator>Montefort, Stephen</creator><creator>Zammit, Christopher</creator><creator>Bucchieri, Salvatore</creator><creator>Colombo, Paolo</creator><creator>Ferrante, Giuliana</creator><creator>La Grutta, Stefania</creator><creator>Melis, Mario R</creator><creator>Piva, Giuseppe</creator><creator>Ristagno, Rosaria</creator><creator>Rizzo, Gianfranco</creator><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8475-1001</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-2263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-0252</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201903</creationdate><title>Indoor air quality in schools of a highly polluted south Mediterranean area</title><author>Ruggieri, Silvia ; Longo, Valeria ; Perrino, Cinzia ; Canepari, Silvia ; Drago, Gaspare ; L’Abbate, Luca ; Balzan, Martin ; Cuttitta, Giuseppina ; Scaccianoce, Gianluca ; Minardi, Remo ; Viegi, Giovanni ; Cibella, Fabio ; Bilocca, David ; Borg, Charles ; Montefort, Stephen ; Zammit, Christopher ; Bucchieri, Salvatore ; Colombo, Paolo ; Ferrante, Giuliana ; La Grutta, Stefania ; Melis, Mario R ; Piva, Giuseppe ; Ristagno, Rosaria ; Rizzo, Gianfranco</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3889-d372efb1e556e033081f6bcde664cfc7450774dacdabc9f8e448d4ffef355a6e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</topic><topic>Air quality</topic><topic>Allergens</topic><topic>Antimony</topic><topic>Biological pollutants</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbon Monoxide - analysis</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Classrooms</topic><topic>Der p 1</topic><topic>Dust</topic><topic>Dust - analysis</topic><topic>endotoxin</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>heavy metals</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Humidity</topic><topic>Indoor air pollution</topic><topic>Indoor air quality</topic><topic>indoor comfort parameters</topic><topic>Indoor environments</topic><topic>Industrial areas</topic><topic>Industrial emissions</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Mediterranean Region</topic><topic>Metals, Heavy - analysis</topic><topic>Nitrogen dioxide</topic><topic>Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis</topic><topic>Outdoor air quality</topic><topic>Particle Size</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - analysis</topic><topic>PM2.5</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Relative humidity</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Rural Population</topic><topic>Schools</topic><topic>Sensitizing</topic><topic>Sicily</topic><topic>Surveying</topic><topic>Temperature</topic><topic>Ventilation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ruggieri, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Longo, Valeria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perrino, Cinzia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Canepari, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drago, Gaspare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>L’Abbate, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Balzan, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cuttitta, Giuseppina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scaccianoce, Gianluca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minardi, Remo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Viegi, Giovanni</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cibella, Fabio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bilocca, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borg, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montefort, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zammit, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bucchieri, Salvatore</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colombo, Paolo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferrante, Giuliana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>La Grutta, Stefania</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Melis, Mario R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piva, Giuseppe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ristagno, Rosaria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rizzo, Gianfranco</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RESPIRA Project Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Indoor air</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ruggieri, Silvia</au><au>Longo, Valeria</au><au>Perrino, Cinzia</au><au>Canepari, Silvia</au><au>Drago, Gaspare</au><au>L’Abbate, Luca</au><au>Balzan, Martin</au><au>Cuttitta, Giuseppina</au><au>Scaccianoce, Gianluca</au><au>Minardi, Remo</au><au>Viegi, Giovanni</au><au>Cibella, Fabio</au><au>Bilocca, David</au><au>Borg, Charles</au><au>Montefort, Stephen</au><au>Zammit, Christopher</au><au>Bucchieri, Salvatore</au><au>Colombo, Paolo</au><au>Ferrante, Giuliana</au><au>La Grutta, Stefania</au><au>Melis, Mario R</au><au>Piva, Giuseppe</au><au>Ristagno, Rosaria</au><au>Rizzo, Gianfranco</au><aucorp>RESPIRA Project Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Indoor air quality in schools of a highly polluted south Mediterranean area</atitle><jtitle>Indoor air</jtitle><addtitle>Indoor Air</addtitle><date>2019-03</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>276</spage><epage>290</epage><pages>276-290</pages><issn>0905-6947</issn><eissn>1600-0668</eissn><abstract>This study aimed at surveying lower secondary schools in southern Italy, in a highly polluted area. A community close to an industrial area and three villages in rural areas was investigated. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), gaseous pollutants (CO2 and NO2), selected biological pollutants in indoor dust, and the indoor/outdoor mass concentration and elemental composition of PM2.5 were ascertained. Temperature and RH were within, or close to, the comfort range, while CO2 frequently exceeded the threshold of 1000 ppm, indicating inadequate air exchange rate. In all the classrooms, median NO2 levels were above the WHO threshold value. Dermatophagoides p. allergen concentration was below the sensitizing threshold, while high endotoxin levels were detected in the classrooms, suggesting schools may produce significant risks of endotoxin exposure. Concentration and solubility of PM2.5 elements were used to identify the sources of indoor particles. Indoor concentration of most elements was higher than outdoors. Resuspension was responsible for the indoor increase in soil components. For elements from industrial emission (Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V), the indoor concentration depended on penetration from the outside. For these elements, differences in rural vs industrial concentrations were found, suggesting industrial sources may influence indoor air quality nearby schools.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Hindawi Limited</pub><pmid>30580463</pmid><doi>10.1111/ina.12529</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8475-1001</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-2263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-0252</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Indoor air, 2019-03, Vol.29 (2), p.276-290 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Air Pollutants - analysis Air pollution Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Air quality Allergens Antimony Biological pollutants Cadmium Carbon dioxide Carbon Monoxide - analysis Chemical composition Classrooms Der p 1 Dust Dust - analysis endotoxin Environmental Monitoring heavy metals Humans Humidity Indoor air pollution Indoor air quality indoor comfort parameters Indoor environments Industrial areas Industrial emissions Lead Mediterranean Region Metals, Heavy - analysis Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide - analysis Outdoor air quality Particle Size Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis PM2.5 Pollutants Relative humidity Rural areas Rural Population Schools Sensitizing Sicily Surveying Temperature Ventilation |
| title | Indoor air quality in schools of a highly polluted south Mediterranean area |
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