On the widespread winter fog in northeastern Pakistan and India
During the last two winters widespread fog frequently occurred in northeastern India and Pakistan, in a region extending over 1500 km. A particularly severe fog episode lasted from mid‐December, 1998 to early January, 1999. The fog caused extensive economic damage and disruptions in transport. We de...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Geophysical research letters 2000-07, Vol.27 (13), p.1891-1894 |
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| container_issue | 13 |
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| container_title | Geophysical research letters |
| container_volume | 27 |
| creator | Hameed, Sultan Mirza, M. Ishaq Ghauri, B. M. Siddiqui, Z. R. Javed, Rubina Khan, A. R. Rattigan, O. V. Qureshi, Sumizah Husain, Liaquat |
| description | During the last two winters widespread fog frequently occurred in northeastern India and Pakistan, in a region extending over 1500 km. A particularly severe fog episode lasted from mid‐December, 1998 to early January, 1999. The fog caused extensive economic damage and disruptions in transport. We determined concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and selected trace elements at Lahore, Pakistan during and after the fog event by collecting aerosols on Whatman 41 filters every 12 h. SO42− concentrations of up to 100 µg/m³ were observed during fog. The SO42−/Se ratios and trace element data suggest a distant source of SO42− aerosols, hundreds of kms away. Lahore was downwind of coal‐burning in India during the fog. The high concentrations of SO42− observed suggest a more extensive investigation of the chemistry and transport processes in this region is necessary to delineate emission sources and develop control strategies as there are serious likely effects on human health and economy in a region populated by hundreds of millions of people, and on global climate change through direct and indirect forcing. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/1999GL011020 |
| format | Article |
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Lahore was downwind of coal‐burning in India during the fog. The high concentrations of SO42− observed suggest a more extensive investigation of the chemistry and transport processes in this region is necessary to delineate emission sources and develop control strategies as there are serious likely effects on human health and economy in a region populated by hundreds of millions of people, and on global climate change through direct and indirect forcing.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-8276</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-8007</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/1999GL011020</identifier><identifier>CODEN: GPRLAJ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Aerosols ; Climate change ; Earth, ocean, space ; Economics ; Exact sciences and technology ; External geophysics ; Fog ; India ; Meteorology ; Pakistan ; Trace elements ; Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation) ; Winter</subject><ispartof>Geophysical research letters, 2000-07, Vol.27 (13), p.1891-1894</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.</rights><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4453-6ccfb3a866d288d8098dd6ee5a871b6b2cca3d816260e1a95a56d7eb8bf31cb13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4453-6ccfb3a866d288d8098dd6ee5a871b6b2cca3d816260e1a95a56d7eb8bf31cb13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F1999GL011020$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F1999GL011020$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,11514,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46468,46833,46892</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1404179$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hameed, Sultan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mirza, M. Ishaq</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghauri, B. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siddiqui, Z. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Javed, Rubina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, A. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rattigan, O. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qureshi, Sumizah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Husain, Liaquat</creatorcontrib><title>On the widespread winter fog in northeastern Pakistan and India</title><title>Geophysical research letters</title><addtitle>Geophys. Res. Lett</addtitle><description>During the last two winters widespread fog frequently occurred in northeastern India and Pakistan, in a region extending over 1500 km. A particularly severe fog episode lasted from mid‐December, 1998 to early January, 1999. The fog caused extensive economic damage and disruptions in transport. We determined concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and selected trace elements at Lahore, Pakistan during and after the fog event by collecting aerosols on Whatman 41 filters every 12 h. SO42− concentrations of up to 100 µg/m³ were observed during fog. The SO42−/Se ratios and trace element data suggest a distant source of SO42− aerosols, hundreds of kms away. Lahore was downwind of coal‐burning in India during the fog. The high concentrations of SO42− observed suggest a more extensive investigation of the chemistry and transport processes in this region is necessary to delineate emission sources and develop control strategies as there are serious likely effects on human health and economy in a region populated by hundreds of millions of people, and on global climate change through direct and indirect forcing.</description><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Earth, ocean, space</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>External geophysics</subject><subject>Fog</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Meteorology</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Trace elements</subject><subject>Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation)</subject><subject>Winter</subject><issn>0094-8276</issn><issn>1944-8007</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kE9P3DAQxa2qlbqlvfEBckAVhwZmbMexTxVCZYu0Akpbwc2a2A6kBGdrL6J8e7xaRDlxmn-_9zR6jG0j7CFws4_GmPkCsAzwhs3QSFlrgPYtmwGY0vNWvWcfcv4DAAIEztjX01itrkN1P_iQlymQL21chVT101U1xCpOqdwpl1WszuhmyCuKFUVfHUc_0Ef2rqcxh09PdYv9Pvr26_B7vTidHx8eLGonZSNq5VzfCdJKea6112C09yqEhnSLneq4cyS8RsUVBCTTUKN8Gzrd9QJdh2KLfd74LtP09y7klb0dsgvjSDFMd9lylFrxxhRw91UQGy4lKtS8oF82qEtTzin0dpmGW0oPFsGuA7UvAy34zpMzZUdjnyi6If_XSJDYrh_gG-x-GMPDq5Z2fr7A9dNFVG9EJd7w71lE6caqVrSNvTiZ25_neHn0A4w9EY-AapGK</recordid><startdate>20000701</startdate><enddate>20000701</enddate><creator>Hameed, Sultan</creator><creator>Mirza, M. 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R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Javed, Rubina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, A. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rattigan, O. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qureshi, Sumizah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Husain, Liaquat</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><jtitle>Geophysical research letters</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hameed, Sultan</au><au>Mirza, M. Ishaq</au><au>Ghauri, B. M.</au><au>Siddiqui, Z. R.</au><au>Javed, Rubina</au><au>Khan, A. R.</au><au>Rattigan, O. V.</au><au>Qureshi, Sumizah</au><au>Husain, Liaquat</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>On the widespread winter fog in northeastern Pakistan and India</atitle><jtitle>Geophysical research letters</jtitle><addtitle>Geophys. Res. Lett</addtitle><date>2000-07-01</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>13</issue><spage>1891</spage><epage>1894</epage><pages>1891-1894</pages><issn>0094-8276</issn><eissn>1944-8007</eissn><coden>GPRLAJ</coden><abstract>During the last two winters widespread fog frequently occurred in northeastern India and Pakistan, in a region extending over 1500 km. A particularly severe fog episode lasted from mid‐December, 1998 to early January, 1999. The fog caused extensive economic damage and disruptions in transport. We determined concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and selected trace elements at Lahore, Pakistan during and after the fog event by collecting aerosols on Whatman 41 filters every 12 h. SO42− concentrations of up to 100 µg/m³ were observed during fog. The SO42−/Se ratios and trace element data suggest a distant source of SO42− aerosols, hundreds of kms away. Lahore was downwind of coal‐burning in India during the fog. The high concentrations of SO42− observed suggest a more extensive investigation of the chemistry and transport processes in this region is necessary to delineate emission sources and develop control strategies as there are serious likely effects on human health and economy in a region populated by hundreds of millions of people, and on global climate change through direct and indirect forcing.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/1999GL011020</doi><tpages>4</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Wiley Journals; Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Library; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Wiley Online Library (Open Access Collection) |
| subjects | Aerosols Climate change Earth, ocean, space Economics Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Fog India Meteorology Pakistan Trace elements Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation) Winter |
| title | On the widespread winter fog in northeastern Pakistan and India |
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