Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway
We investigated the mechanisms that lead to the production of proinflammatory mediators by human monocytes when these cells are exposed in vitro to live Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. We first focused on myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), an adapter molecule that is esse...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Infection and Immunity 2009-03, Vol.77 (3), p.1238-1245 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 1245 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 1238 |
| container_title | Infection and Immunity |
| container_volume | 77 |
| creator | Dennis, Vida A Dixit, Saurabh O'Brien, Shannon M Alvarez, Xavier Pahar, Bapi Philipp, Mario T |
| description | We investigated the mechanisms that lead to the production of proinflammatory mediators by human monocytes when these cells are exposed in vitro to live Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. We first focused on myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), an adapter molecule that is essential in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy experiments revealed that MyD88 was maximally expressed in THP-1 cells after 24-h stimulation of these cells with live B. burgdorferi. Silencing of the MYD88 gene by using small interfering RNA resulted in 24%, 35%, and 84% down-modulation of the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-6, respectively, in THP-1 cells stimulated with live B. burgdorferi. Specific silencing of the TLR1, TLR2, or TLR5 gene by RNA interference further revealed that silencing of the TLR1 and TLR2 genes alone or combined, but not the TLR5 gene, caused a downregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in live B. burgdorferi-stimulated THP-1 cells. Overall, similar results were obtained for THP-1 cells stimulated with purified lipoproteins. Our results indicate that the TLR pathway mediates, at least in part, the release of inflammatory mediators in human monocytes stimulated with live B. burgdorferi spirochetes and furthermore suggest that the TLR-dependent interaction between these cells and live spirochetes is mediated by spirochetal lipoproteins but not by flagellin. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1128/IAI.01078-08 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_21293340</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>21293340</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c486t-776f5b225d145b197504e62184b6081247767ac387822fa5cebd22c76b7d0f4a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0k1v0zAYB_AIgVg3uHEGc4ATGX6L7VyQxjRYpU4gup0tx3ESgxN3dtKpH2DfG4dWA0472ZZ__vvtybJXCJ4ihMXH5dnyFCLIRQ7Fk2yBYCnyosD4abaAEJV5WTB-lB3H-DMNKaXieXaESkRKDOEiu1_ZrQGffQjGWQWqKbS1D40JFqw3NnjdmdFEcOGstiNYDo1Tfa9GH3bgytR27kXQBN-Dy6lXA7jyg9e7eck2xY2dAdfeuXxlfxnww2izSQvA2raDcnZowXc1dndq9yJ71igXzctDe5LdfLm4Pr_MV9--Ls_PVrmmgo0556wpKoyLGtGiQiUvIDUMI0ErBgXCNAGuNBFcYNyoQpuqxlhzVvEaNlSRk-zTPnczVb2ptRnGoJzcBNursJNeWfn_zGA72fqtxIwSRosU8P4QEPztZOIoexu1cU4Nxk9RMlYSxDB-FGKES0IofBxCIggvZ_hhD3XwMQbTPBwbQTlXgkyVIP9UgoQi8df_XvUvPnx9Au8OQEWtXBPUoG18cBghUTJCk3u7d51tuzsbjFSxlzY9FeeSSITJvNmbvWmUl6oNKedmjSEiEBWp_ggnvwGnkNFL</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>20383790</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway</title><source>American Society for Microbiology</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Dennis, Vida A ; Dixit, Saurabh ; O'Brien, Shannon M ; Alvarez, Xavier ; Pahar, Bapi ; Philipp, Mario T</creator><creatorcontrib>Dennis, Vida A ; Dixit, Saurabh ; O'Brien, Shannon M ; Alvarez, Xavier ; Pahar, Bapi ; Philipp, Mario T</creatorcontrib><description>We investigated the mechanisms that lead to the production of proinflammatory mediators by human monocytes when these cells are exposed in vitro to live Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. We first focused on myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), an adapter molecule that is essential in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy experiments revealed that MyD88 was maximally expressed in THP-1 cells after 24-h stimulation of these cells with live B. burgdorferi. Silencing of the MYD88 gene by using small interfering RNA resulted in 24%, 35%, and 84% down-modulation of the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-6, respectively, in THP-1 cells stimulated with live B. burgdorferi. Specific silencing of the TLR1, TLR2, or TLR5 gene by RNA interference further revealed that silencing of the TLR1 and TLR2 genes alone or combined, but not the TLR5 gene, caused a downregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in live B. burgdorferi-stimulated THP-1 cells. Overall, similar results were obtained for THP-1 cells stimulated with purified lipoproteins. Our results indicate that the TLR pathway mediates, at least in part, the release of inflammatory mediators in human monocytes stimulated with live B. burgdorferi spirochetes and furthermore suggest that the TLR-dependent interaction between these cells and live spirochetes is mediated by spirochetal lipoproteins but not by flagellin.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0019-9567</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-5522</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01078-08</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19139200</identifier><identifier>CODEN: INFIBR</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>Bacteriology ; Biological and medical sciences ; Borrelia burgdorferi ; Borrelia burgdorferi - immunology ; Borrelia Infections - immunology ; Cell Line ; Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions ; Confocal microscopy ; Cytokines - biosynthesis ; Cytokines - immunology ; Differentiation ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flagellin ; Flow Cytometry ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - immunology ; Inflammation - microbiology ; Interleukin 6 ; Interleukin 8 ; Lipoproteins ; Lymphocytes B ; Microbiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Miscellaneous ; Monocytes ; Monocytes - immunology ; Monocytes - microbiology ; MyD88 protein ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - biosynthesis ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - immunology ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Small Interfering ; RNA-mediated interference ; Signal transduction ; Signal Transduction - immunology ; siRNA ; Spirochetes ; TLR1 protein ; TLR2 protein ; TLR5 protein ; Toll-like receptors ; Toll-Like Receptors - immunology ; Transfection ; Tumor necrosis factor-a</subject><ispartof>Infection and Immunity, 2009-03, Vol.77 (3), p.1238-1245</ispartof><rights>2009 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c486t-776f5b225d145b197504e62184b6081247767ac387822fa5cebd22c76b7d0f4a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c486t-776f5b225d145b197504e62184b6081247767ac387822fa5cebd22c76b7d0f4a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643645/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643645/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,3174,3175,27903,27904,53770,53772</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=21189634$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139200$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dennis, Vida A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dixit, Saurabh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Shannon M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez, Xavier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pahar, Bapi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Philipp, Mario T</creatorcontrib><title>Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway</title><title>Infection and Immunity</title><addtitle>Infect Immun</addtitle><description>We investigated the mechanisms that lead to the production of proinflammatory mediators by human monocytes when these cells are exposed in vitro to live Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. We first focused on myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), an adapter molecule that is essential in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy experiments revealed that MyD88 was maximally expressed in THP-1 cells after 24-h stimulation of these cells with live B. burgdorferi. Silencing of the MYD88 gene by using small interfering RNA resulted in 24%, 35%, and 84% down-modulation of the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-6, respectively, in THP-1 cells stimulated with live B. burgdorferi. Specific silencing of the TLR1, TLR2, or TLR5 gene by RNA interference further revealed that silencing of the TLR1 and TLR2 genes alone or combined, but not the TLR5 gene, caused a downregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in live B. burgdorferi-stimulated THP-1 cells. Overall, similar results were obtained for THP-1 cells stimulated with purified lipoproteins. Our results indicate that the TLR pathway mediates, at least in part, the release of inflammatory mediators in human monocytes stimulated with live B. burgdorferi spirochetes and furthermore suggest that the TLR-dependent interaction between these cells and live spirochetes is mediated by spirochetal lipoproteins but not by flagellin.</description><subject>Bacteriology</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Borrelia burgdorferi</subject><subject>Borrelia burgdorferi - immunology</subject><subject>Borrelia Infections - immunology</subject><subject>Cell Line</subject><subject>Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions</subject><subject>Confocal microscopy</subject><subject>Cytokines - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cytokines - immunology</subject><subject>Differentiation</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</subject><subject>Flagellin</subject><subject>Flow Cytometry</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - immunology</subject><subject>Inflammation - microbiology</subject><subject>Interleukin 6</subject><subject>Interleukin 8</subject><subject>Lipoproteins</subject><subject>Lymphocytes B</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Microscopy, Confocal</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Monocytes</subject><subject>Monocytes - immunology</subject><subject>Monocytes - microbiology</subject><subject>MyD88 protein</subject><subject>Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - immunology</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>RNA, Small Interfering</subject><subject>RNA-mediated interference</subject><subject>Signal transduction</subject><subject>Signal Transduction - immunology</subject><subject>siRNA</subject><subject>Spirochetes</subject><subject>TLR1 protein</subject><subject>TLR2 protein</subject><subject>TLR5 protein</subject><subject>Toll-like receptors</subject><subject>Toll-Like Receptors - immunology</subject><subject>Transfection</subject><subject>Tumor necrosis factor-a</subject><issn>0019-9567</issn><issn>1098-5522</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2009</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0k1v0zAYB_AIgVg3uHEGc4ATGX6L7VyQxjRYpU4gup0tx3ESgxN3dtKpH2DfG4dWA0472ZZ__vvtybJXCJ4ihMXH5dnyFCLIRQ7Fk2yBYCnyosD4abaAEJV5WTB-lB3H-DMNKaXieXaESkRKDOEiu1_ZrQGffQjGWQWqKbS1D40JFqw3NnjdmdFEcOGstiNYDo1Tfa9GH3bgytR27kXQBN-Dy6lXA7jyg9e7eck2xY2dAdfeuXxlfxnww2izSQvA2raDcnZowXc1dndq9yJ71igXzctDe5LdfLm4Pr_MV9--Ls_PVrmmgo0556wpKoyLGtGiQiUvIDUMI0ErBgXCNAGuNBFcYNyoQpuqxlhzVvEaNlSRk-zTPnczVb2ptRnGoJzcBNursJNeWfn_zGA72fqtxIwSRosU8P4QEPztZOIoexu1cU4Nxk9RMlYSxDB-FGKES0IofBxCIggvZ_hhD3XwMQbTPBwbQTlXgkyVIP9UgoQi8df_XvUvPnx9Au8OQEWtXBPUoG18cBghUTJCk3u7d51tuzsbjFSxlzY9FeeSSITJvNmbvWmUl6oNKedmjSEiEBWp_ggnvwGnkNFL</recordid><startdate>20090301</startdate><enddate>20090301</enddate><creator>Dennis, Vida A</creator><creator>Dixit, Saurabh</creator><creator>O'Brien, Shannon M</creator><creator>Alvarez, Xavier</creator><creator>Pahar, Bapi</creator><creator>Philipp, Mario T</creator><general>American Society for Microbiology</general><general>American Society for Microbiology (ASM)</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20090301</creationdate><title>Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway</title><author>Dennis, Vida A ; Dixit, Saurabh ; O'Brien, Shannon M ; Alvarez, Xavier ; Pahar, Bapi ; Philipp, Mario T</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c486t-776f5b225d145b197504e62184b6081247767ac387822fa5cebd22c76b7d0f4a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Bacteriology</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Borrelia burgdorferi</topic><topic>Borrelia burgdorferi - immunology</topic><topic>Borrelia Infections - immunology</topic><topic>Cell Line</topic><topic>Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions</topic><topic>Confocal microscopy</topic><topic>Cytokines - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Cytokines - immunology</topic><topic>Differentiation</topic><topic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</topic><topic>Flagellin</topic><topic>Flow Cytometry</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - immunology</topic><topic>Inflammation - microbiology</topic><topic>Interleukin 6</topic><topic>Interleukin 8</topic><topic>Lipoproteins</topic><topic>Lymphocytes B</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Microscopy, Confocal</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Monocytes</topic><topic>Monocytes - immunology</topic><topic>Monocytes - microbiology</topic><topic>MyD88 protein</topic><topic>Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - immunology</topic><topic>Polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>RNA, Small Interfering</topic><topic>RNA-mediated interference</topic><topic>Signal transduction</topic><topic>Signal Transduction - immunology</topic><topic>siRNA</topic><topic>Spirochetes</topic><topic>TLR1 protein</topic><topic>TLR2 protein</topic><topic>TLR5 protein</topic><topic>Toll-like receptors</topic><topic>Toll-Like Receptors - immunology</topic><topic>Transfection</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor-a</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dennis, Vida A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dixit, Saurabh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>O'Brien, Shannon M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez, Xavier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pahar, Bapi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Philipp, Mario T</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Infection and Immunity</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dennis, Vida A</au><au>Dixit, Saurabh</au><au>O'Brien, Shannon M</au><au>Alvarez, Xavier</au><au>Pahar, Bapi</au><au>Philipp, Mario T</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway</atitle><jtitle>Infection and Immunity</jtitle><addtitle>Infect Immun</addtitle><date>2009-03-01</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>77</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>1238</spage><epage>1245</epage><pages>1238-1245</pages><issn>0019-9567</issn><eissn>1098-5522</eissn><coden>INFIBR</coden><abstract>We investigated the mechanisms that lead to the production of proinflammatory mediators by human monocytes when these cells are exposed in vitro to live Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. We first focused on myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), an adapter molecule that is essential in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy experiments revealed that MyD88 was maximally expressed in THP-1 cells after 24-h stimulation of these cells with live B. burgdorferi. Silencing of the MYD88 gene by using small interfering RNA resulted in 24%, 35%, and 84% down-modulation of the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-6, respectively, in THP-1 cells stimulated with live B. burgdorferi. Specific silencing of the TLR1, TLR2, or TLR5 gene by RNA interference further revealed that silencing of the TLR1 and TLR2 genes alone or combined, but not the TLR5 gene, caused a downregulation of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in live B. burgdorferi-stimulated THP-1 cells. Overall, similar results were obtained for THP-1 cells stimulated with purified lipoproteins. Our results indicate that the TLR pathway mediates, at least in part, the release of inflammatory mediators in human monocytes stimulated with live B. burgdorferi spirochetes and furthermore suggest that the TLR-dependent interaction between these cells and live spirochetes is mediated by spirochetal lipoproteins but not by flagellin.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Society for Microbiology</pub><pmid>19139200</pmid><doi>10.1128/IAI.01078-08</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0019-9567 |
| ispartof | Infection and Immunity, 2009-03, Vol.77 (3), p.1238-1245 |
| issn | 0019-9567 1098-5522 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_21293340 |
| source | American Society for Microbiology; MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Bacteriology Biological and medical sciences Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi - immunology Borrelia Infections - immunology Cell Line Cellular Microbiology: Pathogen-Host Cell Molecular Interactions Confocal microscopy Cytokines - biosynthesis Cytokines - immunology Differentiation Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Flagellin Flow Cytometry Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Inflammation Inflammation - immunology Inflammation - microbiology Interleukin 6 Interleukin 8 Lipoproteins Lymphocytes B Microbiology Microscopy, Confocal Miscellaneous Monocytes Monocytes - immunology Monocytes - microbiology MyD88 protein Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - biosynthesis Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 - immunology Polymerase chain reaction Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Small Interfering RNA-mediated interference Signal transduction Signal Transduction - immunology siRNA Spirochetes TLR1 protein TLR2 protein TLR5 protein Toll-like receptors Toll-Like Receptors - immunology Transfection Tumor necrosis factor-a |
| title | Live Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochetes Elicit Inflammatory Mediators from Human Monocytes via the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-21T22%3A27%3A56IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Live%20Borrelia%20burgdorferi%20Spirochetes%20Elicit%20Inflammatory%20Mediators%20from%20Human%20Monocytes%20via%20the%20Toll-Like%20Receptor%20Signaling%20Pathway&rft.jtitle=Infection%20and%20Immunity&rft.au=Dennis,%20Vida%20A&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=1238&rft.epage=1245&rft.pages=1238-1245&rft.issn=0019-9567&rft.eissn=1098-5522&rft.coden=INFIBR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128/IAI.01078-08&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E21293340%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=20383790&rft_id=info:pmid/19139200&rfr_iscdi=true |