Correlation of bio-optical properties with photosynthetic pigment and microorganism distribution in microbial mats from Hamelin Pool, Australia

ABSTRACT Microbial mats and stromatolites are widespread in Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, however the phototrophic capacity of these systems is unknown. This study has determined the optical properties and light-harvesting potential of these mats with light microsensors. These characteristics were linked via a combination of 16S rDNA sequencing, pigment analyses and hyperspectral imaging. Local scalar irradiance was elevated over the incident downwelling irradiance by 1.5-fold, suggesting light trapping and strong scattering by the mats. Visible light (400–700 nm) penetrated to a depth of 2 mm, whereas near-infrared light (700–800 nm) penetrated to at least 6 mm. Chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) were found to be the dominant photosynthetic pigments present, with BChl a peaking at the subsurface (2–4 mm). Detailed 16S rDNA analyses revealed the presence of putative Chl f-containing Halomicronema sp. and photosynthetic members primarily decreased from the mat surface down to a depth of 6 mm. Data indicated high abundances of some pigments and phototrophic organisms in deeper layers of the mats (6–16 mm). It is proposed that the photosynthetic bacteria present in this system undergo unique adaptations to lower light conditions below the mat surface, and that phototrophic metabolisms are major contributors to ecosystem function. The authors describe for the first time the optical properties and light-harvesting potential of the evolutionarily significant Shark Bay microbial mats