Internal Electric Field in Co-Doped BaTiO3 With Co2+/3+, Nb5+, Li+, and F−: Impact on Functional Properties and Charge Compensation With Niobium and Fluorine Ions

Dense barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) ceramics ( d_{\text {rel}} > 95{\%} ) with a microscale grain size are obtained at 800 °C-1100 °C by a solid-state ceramic process. BaTiO 3 (BT) doped with Co 2+/3+ leads to a significant improvement in the properties ( d_{33}> 250 pC/N). Soft and hard charact...

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