Progress towards international adoption of the World Health Organization ultrasound classification of cystic echinococcosis

Despite being used in half or fewer of included publications prior to 2012, reference to the WHO classification has since increased suggesting more widespread adoption. [Display omitted] •Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis with a global distribution.•Ultrasound (US) is the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosing CE.•The WHO US classification is progressively taking preference for classifying CE.•Adoption of a standardized classification system takes time and varies regionally.•Use of a common classification system improves communication and comprehension. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a global parasitic zoonosis for which ultrasound (US) is the gold standard modality for diagnosis. In 2003, the WHO published a standardized US classification of CE, on which WHO treatment guidelines are based. In 2014, global adoption of the classification was questioned by a publication which indicated that, between 2004 and 2014, only half of studies utilizing a classification used the WHO classification. More recent studies have demonstrated that the WHO classification best reflects the natural history of CE, and is used with high reliability by experts in the field; despite these attributes, the classification’s impact is ultimately limited by the extent of its adoption. A PubMed search using the terms “Echinococcus granulosus ultrasound,” “Echinococcus granulosus classification,” “cystic echinococcosis ultrasound,” and “cystic echinococcosus classification” revealed publications on human CE utilizing a US classification. Classification(s) used, year of publication, and the country of the first author’s institution were recorded. From 2004 to 2010, the WHO classification was used in 50% or fewer of included publications for 6 of the 7 years. After 2011, it appeared in a low of 75% (2013) to a high of 96% (2017) of included publications. Of all included studies published from 2004 to 2017, the WHO classification was referenced in 18% (3 of 17) from Africa, 64% (32 of 50) from Asia, 79% (89 of 113) from Europe, 89% (8 of 9) from North America, and 100% (9 of 9) from South America. Findings suggest that the WHO classification has been progressively taking preference to other classifications, with rate of adoption depending on continent of origin of the research. Residual use of the classification developed by Dr. Hassen Gharbi of Tunisia in 1982, used widely prior to development of the WHO classification (which reversed two stages in Gharbi’s classific