Embryonic development of thecate hydrozoan Gonothyraea loveni (Allman, 1859)

Progress of Evo‐Devo requires broad phylogenetic sampling providing the data for comparative analysis as well as new objects suitable for experimental investigation. Representatives of the early‐branching animal phylum Cnidaria and particularly hydrozoans draw great attention due to the high diversity of embryonic and post‐embryonic development and life‐cycles in general. Most detailed studies on embryonic development in hydrozoans were performed on the species shedding their gametes with subsequent embryo development in the water column. Widely distributed thecate hydrozoan Gonothyraea loveni broods its embryos within reduced medusae attached to the colony until development of a free‐swimming metamorphosis competent planula‐larva. In the current essay we present a detailed description of G. loveni embryonic development based on in vivo observations, histology, immuno‐cytochemistry, and electron microscopy. Starting from early cleavage, the embryo becomes a morula without any sign of blastocoele. Gastrulation proceeds as mixed delamination and ends with parenchymula formation. The first morphological sign of primary body axis appears only in the beginning of parenchymula‐preplanula transition. In mature metamorphosis competent planula only the cells of the oral two‐thirds of endoderm retain proliferative activity resulting in accumulation of great number of i‐cells and nematoblasts, which can be used during metamorphosis accompanied with essential reorganization of larval tissues. G. loveni demonstrates the diversity as well as evolutionary plasticity of hydrozoans development: in brooding hydrozoans embryonic and larval development is highly embryonized in comparison with the spawning species with free‐swimming embryos. In the current study we present a detailed analysis of embryonic development the thecate hydrozoan G. loveni, the species brooding its embryos. G. loveni demonstrates the diversity as well as evolutionary plasticity of hydrozoans development: in brooding hydrozoans, embryonic and larval development is highly embryonized in comparison with the spawning species with free‐swimming embryos.